Lamianae and Asteranae

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Lamianae and Asteranae
Lamianae II Scrophulariaceae (inluding
Orobanchaceae) Lamiaceae/Labiatae Asteranae Astera
ceae/Compositae Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae Caprifoliac
eae
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Scrophulariaceae -- the figwort or monkey flower
family (including Orobanchaceae) (220/3000
Cosmopolitan, most abundant in temperate regions
and tropical alpine habitats)
Lamianae
Plants flowering, synoecious some hemiparasitic,
parasitic, achlorophyllous Habit herbs, less
frequently shrubs or trees Leaves alternate,
opposite or whorled simple to deeply divided or
compound exstipulate Inflorescences often
determinate and racemose sometimes
indeterminate Flowers zygomorphic and perfect,
hypogynous tubular corolla, anthers often 4
(22, filaments unequal) and sometimes with a
staminode (if present, often pubescent) Calyx 4-5
sepals, distinct or variously connate
zygomorphic Corolla 4-5 petals, connate
(sympetalous), zygomorphic, often
bilabiate Androecium 4 or 2 stamens, distinct
filaments adnate to corolla (epipetalous)
pubescent staminode sometimes present Gynoecium
superior 1 pistil of 2 connate carpels 1
locule/carpel many ovules/carpel, axile
placentation OR 1 locule many ovules, parietal
placentation 1 style with often bilobed
stigma Fruit mostly a septicidal capsule Floral
formula Ca 5 Co 5 A 2 2 G 2
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Scrophulariaceae -- comments
Lamianae
Some genera Aragoa, Bacopa, Bartsia,
Calceolaria, Castilleja, Lindernia, Mimulus,
Pedicularis, Verbascum, Veronica. Comments The
Orobanchaceae is generally considered the
parasitic/saprophytic counterpart/sistergroup to
the Scrophulariaceae and is treated as a
subfamily within Scrophulariaceae for this
course. Indian paintbrush (Castilleja), a partial
root parasite, is an example of a scroph that
links the two families together. The
Scrophulariaceae is important for its the
production of cardiac glycosides from Digitalis
(foxglove) and for ornamentals which include
items such as veronica (Veronica), penstemons
(Penstemon), butter and eggs (Linaria), monkey
flowers (Mimulus), slipper flower (Calceolaria),
etc.
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Lamiaceae -- the mint family (200/ 2000
Cosmopolitan, especially common in Mediterranean
habitats)
Lamianae
Plants flowering, synoecious aromatic with
glandular trichomes stems frequently square in
cross section Habit aromatic, punctate herbs,
less frequently shrubs or trees Leaves opposite,
often decussate, rarely whorled simple to deeply
divided or pinnately compound
exstipulate Inflorescences determinate, with
axillary cymes or verticils sometimes headlike
or solitary, various Flowers zygomorphic
perfect hypogynous bilabiate corolla with 4
stamens fused to the petals, gynobasic style and
4-lobed ovary Calyx 5 sepals, variously connate
usually zygomorphic Corolla 5 petals, connate
(sympetalous), zygomorphic, often
bilabiate Androecium 4 or 2 stamens, distinct
filaments adnate to corolla (epipetalous) Gynoeci
um superior 1 pistil of 2 basally connate
carpels (appear as four because of false septa)
4-lobed or divided into 4 locules 1 ovule/ lobe,
axile placentation (can appear basal) 1
gynobasic style, 2-lobed near apex Fruit
schizocarp which splits into four nutlets Floral
formula Ca 5 Co 5 A 4 or 2 G 2
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Asteraceae -- the sunflower family (1400-1540/
20,000-23,000 Cosmopolitan)
Asteranae
Plants flowering, synoecious, monoecious,
dioecious sometimes with milky sap Habit herbs
or shrubs (woody vines, stem-succulents, or
trees) Leaves alternate or opposite simple to
bipinnately compound basal rosettes and/or
cauline exstipulate Inflorescences involucral
heads, indeterminate (with oldest flowers to
outside), often 2 aggregated into racemose or
cymose arrangements Flowers actinomorphic,
zygomorphic perfect, imperfect epigynous small
flowers (florets) clustered together on a
receptacle subtended by involucral bracts
(phyllaries) with some florets subtended by
receptacular bracts (chaff scales or
paleae) Calyx modified into a pappus, extremely
variable in features, maybe absent Corolla 5
petals, connate (sympetalous) actinomorphic to
strongly zygomorphic Androecium 5 stamens
filament distinct with anthers connate into a
tube surrounding the style filaments adnate to
corolla (epipetalous) anthers dehisce to the
inside of the anther tube, anther sacs can be
modified apically or basally with appendages
Gynoecium inferior 1 pistil of 2 connate
carpels 1 locule 1 ovule, basal placentation 1
style usually branched near apex, style
elongates as flower opens, and presents pollen
brushed from the anther tube Fruit
achene Floral formula Ca x(0) Co 5 A 5 G
2
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Asteraceae -- comments
Asteranae
Flowers you will see in todays lab Disk
florets actinomorphic or bilabiate usually
perfect can be in heads by themselves or with
other kinds of florets Ray florets strongly
zygomorphic (3-lobed) usually imperfect or
sterile never borne in heads without disk
florets Ligulate florets strongly zygomorphic
(5-lobed) always perfect usually borne in
heads by themselves
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Asteraceae -- comments
Asteranae
For such a large family (second largest flowering
plant family), relatively few members are of
major economic importance Vegetables lettuce
(Lactuca sativa) endive (Cichorium
endiva) artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Jerusalem
artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) Seeds/oil sunfl
ower (Helianthus annuus) safflower (Carthamus
baeticus) niger seed (Guizotia
abyssinica) Ornamentals chrysanthemums
(Dendranthema spp.) marigolds (Tagetes
spp.) pot marigold (Calendula
spp.) bachelors buttons (Centaurea
cyanus) Cosmos, Dahlia, Ageratum, Gazania,
Helianthus, Zinnia No Fun Ambrosia spp.
(ragweeds) MAJOR cause of hayfever
suffering Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale)
bane of croquet and golf greens
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Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) -- the carrot family
(428/3000 cosmopolitan, greatest diversity in
north temperate zone)
Asteranae
Plants flowering, usually synoecious strongly
scented with internal oil glands Habit herbs
(rarely shrubs or trees) Leaves simple to
variously lobed or compound, alternate usually
exstipulate with petioles sheathing Inflorescence
compound umbels (rarely simple umbels, heads, or
axillary) Flowers actinomorphic, usually perfect,
epigynous nectar disk at apex of ovary small,
sepals may be highly reduced Calyx 5 sepals,
distinct Corolla 5 (0) petals, distinct Androecium
5 stamens, distinct, alternate to
petals Gynoecium inferior 1 pistil of 2 usually
connate carpels 1 locule/carpel 1 ovule/carpel,
axile placentation 2 styles often basally
connate and adnate to nectary disk to form
bulging stylopodium Fruit schizocarp with 2
mericarps, often strongly ribbed, sometimes
winged, samaraoid or covered with tubercles or
prickles Floral formula Ca 5 (0) Co 5 A
5 G 2
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Caprifoliaceae -- the honeysuckle family
(excluding Viburnum and Sambucus) (12/450
temperate to subtropical areas of Northern
Hemisphere)
Asteranae
Plants flowering, synoecious Habit shrubs, woody
vines, occasionally herbs Leaves opposite,
simple, entire (serrate) sometimes connate,
usually exstipulate (rarely stipulate) Infloresce
nces determinate, or flowers paired, or solitary
terminal or axillary Flowers zygomorphic,
perfect, epigynous, showy Calyx 5 sepals,
connate Corolla 5 petals, connate, often
bilabiate Androecium (4) 5 stamens, adnate to
corolla tube (epipetalous) Gynoecium inferior 1
pistil of 2-5(-8) connate carpels usually 1
locule/carpel 1-many ovules/carpel, axile
placentation 1 style with 1 capitate
stigma Fruit berry, drupe, capsule, berry, or
achene Floral formula Ca 5 Co 5 A 4-5
G 2-8
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Caprifoliaceae -- comments
Asteranae
Many cultivated ornamentals, e.g. Lonicera,
Symphoricarpos, Abelia, Leycesteria, Linnaea and
some noxious weeds which were once cultivated
ornamentals (e.g. Lonicera japonica). Gleason
and Cronquist included Sambucus and Viburnum in
Caprifoliaceae. Recent analyses indicate that
this would make Caprifoliaceae polyphyletic.
These two genera have been transferred to
Adoxaceae.