Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry

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Christian BrothersHigh SchoolDepartment of
Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry II

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Organic Reactions

• Much slower than inorganic reactions
• Organic compounds can be toxic, but effects are
  usually cumulative, i.,e., there must be
  long-term exposure
• Substitution
• Addition
• Formation of radicals and functional groups

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Organic ChemistrySubstitution Reactions I

• Knock off one or more hydrogens
• Substitute another radical or an oxygen, halogen,
  sulfur, etc
• Methane subst. 1 Cl for H Chloromethane
• Subst. One more Cl for H dichloromethane or
  methylene chloride
• Subst. One more Cl for H trichloromethane
  or chloroform
• Subst. One more Cl for H tetrachloromethane or
  carbon tetrachloride

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Organic ChemistryFormation of Free Radicals

• Whenever a hydrogen atom is knocked off
• Formation of a free radical
• Always uses the yl suffix to indicate the
  radical
• Functional group radicals also use the yl suffix
• In generic formulae use R ROH means any
  alcohol
• Bonds with other molecules and radicals to form
  new compounds
• Examples methyl- CH3 ethyl- C2H5 propyl-
  C3H7 butyl- C4H9

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Organic ChemistryFunctional Groups

• Way of organizing different classes of compounds
• Identify by structure
• -OH hydroxyl group Alcohols
• -OOH carboxyl group Organic Acids

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Organic ChemistryAlcohols

• Generic formula ROH
• Characterized by the hydroxyl group -OH
• Industrial solvent, cleaner, intermediary in
  reactions, beverages, miscible in water
• Properties of alcohols are determined by where
  the hydroxyl groups attached
• Primary alcohol- hydroxyl group on the end
• Secondary alcohol- hydroxyl group attached to a
  carbon which is attached to one hydrogen
• Tertiary alcohols- hydroxyl group attached to a
  carbon which is in the middle of the chain

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Organic ChemistryOrganic Acids

• Also known as carboxylic acids
• Characterized by the carboxyl group OOH
• Examples Acetic Acid CH3COOH
• A 3 aqueous solution of acetic acid is vinegar
• Butyric acid 4 carbons is produced by the
  spoiling of milk
• Longer chain acids (primarily C18 with one or
  more double bonds are called polyunsaturated
  fatty acids)

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Organic ChemistryOrganic Bases

• Organic bases are known as amines
• Primary amines have radicals substituted for the
  hydrogens on the ammonia molecule
• Methylamine 1 methyl group
• Dimethylamine 2 methyl groups
• Triethylamine 3 ethyl groups
• Other amines have the nitro group (NH2)
  substituted on other radicals

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Organic ChemistryOther Functional Groups

• Aldehydes and Ketones both contain the carbonyl
  group -CO
• Aldehydes have the group attached to a hydrogen
  at the end of a chain H-CO
• Ketones have the group attached to two carbons
  (See board)
• Ethers R-O-R
• Diethyl ether once used as a surgical anesthetic

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Organic ChemistrySugars/Carbohydrates

• Energy source in animal metabolism
• Always end in ose
• Simple sugars
• Fructose
• Glucose
• Sucrose
• Lactose

• Complex Carbohydrates
• Increasing stacking of rings
• Long stacks of rings
• Cellulose (plant fiber)
• Wood

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Organic ChemistryProteins

• Enzymes
• Structural Building Blocks
• Amino Acids
• Peptide backbone
• Biomacromolecules (DNA)

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Organic ChemistryPlastics (polymers)

• Built from simple compounds (monomers)
• Ethylene initiator polyethylene
• Propylene initiator polypropylene
• Butylene initiator polybutylene
• Styrene initiator polystyrene
• Vinyl chloride initiator polyvinyl
  chloride