Theology and Psychology of Individual Differences

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Theology and Psychology of Individual Differences

• The Revd Canon Professor Leslie J Francis
• University of Warwick

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Themes

• Theological roots
• Psychological models
• Psychological type
• Research evidence
• Hospital chaplains

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Theological roots
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Building blocks

• Scripture
• Doctrine
• Experience
• Reason

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Doctrine of creation

• Genesis 127
• Sex differences
• Gender differences
• Fall and repentance

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Doctrine of creation

• Genesis 127
• Ethnic differences
• Cultural differences
• Fall and repentance

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Doctrine of creation

• Genesis 127
• Psychological differences
• Divine image?
• Fall and repentance

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Defining terms

• Character
• Personality
• Psychological type

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Psychological models of personality
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Formative questions

• Conceptual (eg intelligence)
• Mathematical (eg N of factors)
• Both (higher and lower)
• Examples

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Major three Hans Eysenck

• extraversion
• neuroticism
• psychoticism

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Big Five Costa and McCrae

• neuroticism
• extraversion
• openness
• agreeableness
• conscientiousness

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16 Personality Factors Raymond Cattell

• A (Reserved Outgoing)
• B (Less intelligent More intelligent)
• C (Emotionally less stable Emotionally stable)
• E (Humble Assertive)

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Psychological type
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Introducing

• Introverts

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Introducing

• Extraverts

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How do extraverts and introverts see each other?
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Introducing

• iNtuative types

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Introducing

• Sensing types

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How do sensing types and intuitive types see
each other?
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Introducing

• Thinking types

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Introducing

• Feeling types

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How do thinking types and feeling types see
each other?
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Introducing

• Judging types

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Introducing

• Perceiving types

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How do judging types and perceiving types see
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Measuring psychological type
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Instruments

• Myers Briggs Type Indicator
• Kiersey Temperament Sorter
• Francis Psychological Type Scales

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Reliability

• MBTI test-retest
• .68
• .53
• .49
• .47
• .33
• .24

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Reliability

• MBTI alpha (Kline)
• EI .74
• SN .78
• TF .67 male
• TF .56 female
• JP .78

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Psychological type and religion
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Prayer

• Michael, C.P. and Norrisey, M.C. (1984),
• Prayer and Temperament different prayer
• forms for different personality types,
• Charlottesville, Virginia, The Open Door.

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Prayer

• Keating, C.J. (1987),
• Who we are is how we pray matching personality
  and spirituality.
• Mystic, Connecticut, Twenty-Third Publications.

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Ministry

• Oswald, R.M. and Kroeger, O. (1988),
• Personality Type and Religious Leadership,
• Washington, DC, The Alban Institute.

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Communicating the Gospel

• Butler, A. (1999),
• Personality and Communicating the Gospel,
• Cambridge, Grove Books.

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Preaching

• Francis, L.J. and Atkins, P. (2001),
• Exploring Matthews Gospel a guide to the Gospel
  readings of the Revised Common Lectionary,
• London, Mowbray.

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Empirical Perspective

• Francis, L.J. (2005),
• Faith and Psychology,
• London, DLT.

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Psychological type profiles of clergy
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Clergy profiles

• Psychological types of male Anglican clergy in
  Wales
• Leslie J Francis, V John Payne and Susan H Jones
  (2001)
• Journal of Psychological Type, 56, 19-23.

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Source of data

• CME programmes
• Postal survey
• 427 subjects

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Evidence

• E 41.5
• I 58.5
• S 56.9
• N 43.1

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Evidence

• T 31.1
• F 68.9
• J 68.1
• P 31.9

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Primary types

• ISFJ 20.4
• ESFJ 12.9

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Implications for ministry

• introversion
• sensing
• feeling
• judging

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Clergy profile

• Psychological typology of Anglican clergy in
  England diversity, strengths and weakness in
  ministry
• Leslie J Francis, Charlotte L. Craig, Michael
  Whinney, David Tilley and Paul Slater (2007),
• International Journal of Practical Theology, 11,
  266-284.

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Source of data

• 626 clergymen
• 237 clergywomen

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Clergymen

• I 57
• norms 53
• N 62
• norms 27
• F 54
• norms 35
• J 68
• norms 55

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Clergywomen

• I 54
• norms 43
• N 65
• norms 21
• F 74
• norms 71
• J 65
• norms 62

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Psychological type profiles of Church of England
Hospital Chaplains
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Chaplain profile

• Distinctive call, distinctive profile?
• The psychological type profile of Church of
  England full-time hospital chaplains
• Leslie J Francis, Graeme Hancocks, Chris Smith
  and Mandy Robbins
• awaiting peer review

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Hypotheses

• Introverted orientation
• No bias on S or N
• Preference for feeling
• Preference for judging

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Method

• On-line survey
• 4 October to 4 November 2007
• 260 invited
• Hospital Chaplains Council
• College and Health Care Chaplains
• Crockfords

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Response

• 101 returns
• 39 response rate
• 39 clergywomen
• 62 clergymen

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Clergymen profile

• I 71
• comparison 57
• N 52
• comparison 62
• F 84
• comparison 54
• J 82
• comparison 68

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Clergywomen profile

• I 67
• comparison 54
• N 52
• comparison 65
• F 90
• comparison 74
• J 74
• comparison 65

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Conclusion 1

• Coherence of psychological type theory to predict
  self-selection and retention within hospital
  chaplaincy

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Conclusion 2

• Demonstrates the distinctiveness of
• Church of England clergy from population
• Hospital chaplains from Church of England clergy

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Conclusion 3

• Demonstrates strengths in chaplaincy
• Introversion
• Intuition
• Feeling
• Judging

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Conclusion 4

• Demonstrates areas in which chaplains may
  experience weakness
• Extraversion
• Sensing
• Thinking
• Perceiving

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Conclusion 5

• Suggests types of clients with whom difficulties
  ay be experiences
• ESTP men

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Conclusion 6

• Serious lack of dominant thinkers
• Need to fill management posts
• Need to recruit more Ts
• Need to develop T skills in others

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Theology and Psychology of Individual Differences

• The Revd Canon Professor Leslie J Francis
• University of Warwick