AP Biology

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AP Biology

• Chapter 1 Introduction Ten Themes in the Study
  of Life

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Hierarchy of Structural Levels in Biology

• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere

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Emergent Properties

• Properties of life come from complex
  organizations because of emergent properties or
  interactions between components.
• When the parts are put together in a certain way,
  their functional properties emerge into something
  complex and new.

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Dilemma of Reductionism

• Life exists because of emergent properties of
  complex organizations.
• When those organizations are taken apart to be
  studied, they no longer function.
• Parts do not work outside of the whole, however
  it is impossible to study the whole without
  taking it apart.

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Characteristics of LifeRAREHOG

• Reproductionlife only comes from life
  (biogenesis)
• Adaptation, Evolutionlife evolves as a result of
  interaction with the environment
• Response to the Environmentreact to the actions
  going on around life
• Energy UtilizationLife takes in energy and
  transforms it to do many types of work.
• HomeostasisMaintain a stable internal
  environment
• Order/Organizationemergent properties come from
  highly ordered structures
• Growth and DevelopmentDNA directs growth and
  development or changes within an organism that is
  characteristic of that species

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Regulatory Mechanisms Control Rxns

• Enzymes, or biological catalysts, speed up
  chemical reactions.
• These enzymes are controlled by feedback
  mechanisms in which an output or product of a
  process regulates that process.
• Negative feedback or feedback inhibition slows or
  stops a process when too much product is
  available.
• Positive feedback can speed up a process when
  product is available.
• These two are used in tandem to maintain
  homeostasis or a stable internal environment
  within living things.

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Scientific Method

• Observations?Questions?
• Hypothesis?Prediction?
• Test/Experiment?Conclusion
• Uses controlled experiments with only one
  experimental variable

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Inductive vs. Deduction Reasoning

• Inductive Reasoning from a set of specific
  observations to reach a generalized conclusion.
  A generalization that summarizes observations
• Deductive scientific method Reasoning flows
  from general to specific. Predictions about what
  outcomes of experiments or observations we should
  expect if a particular hypothesis is correct.

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Hypothesis vs. Prediction vs. Theory

• Hypothesis Tentative answer to a question based
  on an educated guess
• Prediction Most likely possible outcome for a
  test or experiment
• Theory Comprehensive explanation supported by
  abundant evidence

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Science and Technology are Interdependent

• Technology results from scientific discoveries.
• Discoveries are made possible by better
  technologies.
• Science asks what do we want to understand?
• Technology asks what do we want to build?