Nomenclature

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Nomenclature

• A System of Naming Compounds
• Compounds are two or more atoms of different
  elements bonded together.

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(No Transcript)
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Polyatomic ions

• Poly Many
• Atomic having to do with atoms
• ions having a charge or

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1. Electric charge is of two types
Positive and negative
2. Unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
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Gilbert Lewis invents a chemistry learning
technique.
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He used dots to indicate the number of outer
(valence) electrons around the atom of that
element. He knew these dots would help students
figure out how elements would combine.
Li
Mg
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Methane building blocks
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
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1s
2s
2px
2pz
2py
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
y
Promote
Hybridize
x
z
Methane Carbon
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Ne
Why eight?
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SULFITE
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sulfite
-2
S
O
(Sulfur dioxide SO2) Used as a preservative in
wine for its antibacterial properties, and as a
bleaching agent in flour. Sulfur dioxide may be
used to fumigate fruit and vegetables to extend
their shelf life.
Occurs naturally in the atmosphere and as a
pollutant gas from combustion of fuels with
sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is one cause of acid
rain.
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sulfite
-2
O
O
O
S
S
S
O
S
O
SO SO2SO3 SO3-2
O
O
O
O
(Sulfite) Used to sterilize fermentation
equipment and food containers, as well as for its
antimicrobial properties. Generally meat, cereals
and dairy products may not be treated with it as
it destroys thiamine (vitamin B1) content. Over
exposure to sulfites in food may cause an
asthmatic attack. 1 out 100 people are sensitive
to sulfite causing allergic reactions. Some
people have died.
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sulfite
-2
-2
sulfate
Sulfate
O
O
O
O
S
O
S
O
S
S
O
S
O
O
O
O
O
O
Sulfuric Acid 2H SO4-2 Calcium sulfate
(casts, gypsum-drywall) (White Sands,
NM) Magnesium Sulfate (Epson salts) Barium
Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays) Copper
sulfate is an algaecide.
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Calcium Sulfate hemi hydrate CaSO4 ½ H2O
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Calcium Sulfate hemi hydrate CaSO4 ½ H2O
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Calcium Sulfate dihydrate
CaSO4 2 H2O
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White Sands, NM
CaSO4 2 H2O
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White Sands, NM
CaSO4 2 H2O
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Desert Rose
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Epsom Salts MgSO4 7 H20
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H2SO4
Sulfuric acid (battery acid)
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Barium Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays)
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CHLORATES
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Cl
Cl
Cl2 ClO- ClO2- ClO3- ClO4-
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AMMONIUM
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AMMONIA
Ammonia is created in the body from digestion of
proteins and amino acids. If theres an excess
of nitrogen, the body converts it to urea, which
is less toxic. Urea is expelled in the
urine. Some babies are born without the enzymes
to convert ammonia to urea, so they develop
hyperammonemia, which is fatal or will cause
brain damage. Ammonia is formed when animal waste
is decomposed by bacteria.
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AMMONIA PROTON Ammonium
1
-1
-
N
O
-
-
-
-
Ammonia added to water will form ammonium
hydroxide (cleaning ammonia)
Ammonium nitrate Fertilizer, explosivesAmmonium
chloride conducts electricity inside dry-cell
batteries. Also used in cough medicines to hide
the taste of bitter tasting medicines. Also used
as expectorant.
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NITRATES/NITRITES
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High nitrate levels in drinking water can harm
infants. Nitrate is converted into nitrite by
bacteria that survives in infants stomachs.
by bacteria that survives in infants stomachs
causing blue baby syndrome

• The nitrite in the blood converts the hemoglobin
  in red blood cells to methemoglobin (meta
  hemoglobin)
• Metamorphosis (meta morpho) changeshape
• This reduces the ability of the blood to carry
  oxygen, causing a condition known as
  methemoglobinemia, or "blue baby syndrome."

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Nitrite
-1
Nitrate
-1
O
O
N
N
N
O
N
O
NO2-
O
NO3-
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Acetate
Acetic Acid (vinegar)
-1
-
C
O
C
-
-
-
O
C2H3O2-
When hydrogen proton comes off or reacts with
something, its electron is left behind. This
makes the remaining molecule negatively charged.
It then becomes the acetate ion. The negatively
charged acetate ion is then attracted to anything
positive, such as metals that have lost an
electron.
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Ammonium acetate NH4C2H3O2 is used in permanent
waves products.
ACETATE
Cellulose acetate made from acetic acid and
cellulose (wood fiber) used to make clear
plastic, fabrics, and movie film (celluloid)
Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 is used for instant
heating pads.acetate.
Calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2)2 is used as a
thickener in batters, butter, puddings, pie
fillers.
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Cyanide CN- is found in solution. Hydrogen
cyanide HCN is the gas.
The seeds and pits of apricots, cherries,
almonds, peaches, and apples contain amygdalin.
Inside the intestine bacteria can convert this to
cyanide. Under the name of Laetrile, amygdalin
has been proposed as a treatment for cancer,
but themedical communityhas rejected thisclaim.
Gas chambers used a pesticide called Zyklon B,
which decomposed to HCN. First used in camps to
delouse and for Typhus.
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cyanide CN-
-
N
C
-
hydrogen cyanide HCN
N
C
-
Cassava is an important food source for 500
million people, but the roots contain a substance
that, when eaten, can trigger the production of
cyanide. Only proper cooking can neutralize the
substance.