Aragonese and Bable

1
Aragonese and Bable

• By Cathryn Johnson, Emma Santoyo, Nicola
  Fellows, Francesca Hay and Andreas Pavlou

2
Lengua vs. Dialecto

• Lengua sistema lingüístico caracterizado por su
  fuerte diferenciación, por poseer un alto grado
  de nivelación, por ser vehículo de una importante
  tradición literaria y, en ocasiones, por haberse
  impuesto a sistemas lingüísticos del mismo
  origen(Alvar, 1996 12)

3

• Dialecto un sistema de signos desgajado de una
  lengua común, viva o desaparecida, normalmente,
  con una cocreta limitación geográfica, pero sin
  una fuerte diferenciación frente a otros de
  origen común. De modo secundario, pueden llamarse
  dialectos las estructuras lingüísticas,
  simultáneas a otras que no alcanzan la categoría
  de lengua.(Alvar,1996 13)

4
Where is Aragón?
5
Where is Aragón?
6
Número de hablantes

• Censo 1981. Conoce o utiliza algún habla propia
  de Aragón?
• 11.824 lo utilizaban.
• 17.653 lo conocían.
• poca fiabilidad (conciencia lingüística, no
  emigrantes, antigüedad)

7

• Censo lingüístico de Monzón. 1997
• 14 conoce/habla el aragonés
• 21 conoce/habla el aragonés y el catálán
• Estudio del Alto de Aragón encargado por el
  Gobierno de Aragón. 2000

8
Aragonese - History

• Early Origins
• Cartahgenic era
• Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis
• Muslim moors 714
• Carolingian Franks
• Middle ages
• Union of Aragon and Catalan
• Uniting of Castile and Aragon
• Modern Era
• Civil War

9
Aragonese The Language

• Fabla Speech
• Origins Ibero-Romance Language
• Navarro-Aragonese Dialect
• Western
• Central
• Eastern
• Southern
• Standardisation 16th/17th century
• un dialecto arcaico del castellano(Herreras
  2006 111)

10
Aragón Statute of Autonomy

• Las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias
  de Aragón constituyen una de las manifestaciones
  más destacadas del patrimonio histórico y
  cultural aragonés y un valor social de respeto,
  convivencia y entendimiento.

11
Aragonese

• Language bodies
• Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa
• Ligallos de Fabla Aragonese
• Academia de lAragonese
• Magazines
• Pedro Arnal Cavero Literary Prize
• Televison
• The Aragonese, although a historic nation, are
  among the newest to create a national identity in
  southwestern Europe (Minahan, 2001167)

12
Fonética

• GRANDEgt gran (grande)
• FILIUgt fillo (hijo)
• IUVENgtchoven (joven) GELAREgtchelar (helar)
• FACTU gt feito (hecho
• COXUgt coixo (cojo) MULIEREgt mullé(r) (mujer)
• ACUTLAgt agulla (aguja)

13

• Acentuación paraxitónica tendencia a deshacer
  los esdrújolos
• medíco médico

14
Morfología

• Pronombres
• Yo, tu, él/er, nusatros/nusotros,
  busatros/busotros, ellos/ers
• Con tu, con yo..
• Iste, ista, istos, istas, isto
• Ixe, ixa, ixos, ixas, ixo
• Qui ye ixe? Quién es ese?

15

• Determinantes
• - Artículo o, a, os, as
• lo, la, los, las
• - Bel can Algún perro
• Bella mujer Alguna mujer
• - ueito ocho nuéu nueve, bente veinte..
• Conjugación verbal
• - Morfemas personales
• fez hacéis cantáz cantáis

16

• - Morfemas temporales
• Pretérito imperfecto -ba vs. -ía
• quereba quería
• faba hacía
• dizíba decía
• Subjuntivo- pretérito imperfecto
• bebese bebiera
• diziese dijera
• Participio amáu, partíu /amato, partito

17
7

• Adverbios
• - Lugar adebán, debán delantedezaga
  detrás astí aquí, ahí
• - Tiempo uey/ue hoy à boníco/ amonico
  despacio dillá/dellá más allá
• - Modo millar mejor asinas así
• - Cantidad muito mucho pro bastante
• Preposiciones
• - enta hacia dica hasta

18
Sintaxis

• Artículo posesivos O mio fillo Mi hijo
• Complementos en/ne de ello bi/i aquí, allí
• Damene Dame (de ello)
• Bi ha chen Hay gente (allí/ahí/aquí)
• Partitivo ne/en
• Ya en tiene de comida

19
Conclusion

• Very few speakers
• Dialect rather than a language
• Protected by Statute of Autonomy but few
  provisions for promotion of language
• Survival
• younger generations
• Institutional provisions and language planning
  measures

20
BABLE
21
(No Transcript)
22
Bable An Introduction

• Romance language spoken in Asturias and parts of
  Castilla y León and Zamora
• Also known as Asturian (although in official
  documentation referred to as Bable)
• A language (not a dialect) with 3 dialects of its
  own Western, Central and Eastern Asturian
  (Central Asturian has most speakers so is the
  basis of its standard form)
• Does NOT have official status in Asturias or
  anywhere else.

23
Early Middle Ages

• Fragmentation of Vulgar Latin
• influences from the pre-Roman language spoken
  in Asturias, León, Zamora and Miranda before
  arrival of Latin
• Bable (a Romance Language)
• Spoken first in Kingdom of Asturias before
  spreading to remainder of Asturias
• 10th century - first documents known to contain
  Asturian grammar and lexicon (although rare)

24
12th, 13th and 14th Centuries

• Long-term diglossic situation with Latin and
  Asturian
• Asturian was the chosen language for official
  documents (evidence found of wills, commercial
  contracts, agreements etc)
• Literature in Asturian not yet present

25
Introduction of Castilian

• Castilian administration, backed by Trastámara
  Dynasty, came to occupy areas of political and
  ecclesiastic power ? Castilian replaced Bable as
  language of official documentation
• Bable/Asturian reduced to oral, private, informal
  use only

26
17th, 18th, 19th Centuries

• 17th C - start of Bable literary tradition (Antón
  de Marrireguerra (1605) key founding figure -
  works include fables Dido and Eneas)
• 18th C literary importance continued (poetry -
  Xeneración del Mediu Sieglu) AND Intellectuals
  began to realise the importance of Asturian
  history and development (Jovellanos is a key
  figure suggested grammar, dictionaries and
  Academy in late 1700s, although not enforced at
  the time)
• 19th and early 20th C this double process
  (literature and intellectuals) continued

27
20th Century Introduction of Asturian Academy

• Before Civil War Asturian theatre grew in
  popularity, first Asturian newspaper published
  (IXUXU), first version of Asturian Language
  Academy permitted in 1920s
• ------ Despite artistic and intellectual usage,
  lack of use of Asturian/Bable in official
  documentation for centuries meant that people
  gradually favoured the use of Castilian. Asturian
  perceived as rural, primitive, useless,
  second-class ------
• During Franco regime literature and intellectual
  research continued clandestinely
• Democracy - Conceyu Bable (or Asturian Language
  Council) (1974), Academia de la Llingua Asturiana
  (1981) for standardization and promotion and
  protection of Asturian/Bable but still not
  official language.

28
The language itself

• ALPHABET
• A, a a /a/
• B, b be /b/
• C, c ce /?/, /k/
• D, d de /d/
• E, e e /e/
• F, f efe /f/
• G, g gue /g/
• H, h hache
• I, i i /i/
• L, l ele /l/
• M, m eme /m/
• N, n ene /n/
• Ñ, ñ eñe /n/
• O, o o /o/
• P, p pe /p/
• R, r erre /r/, /r-/
• S, s ese /s/
• T, t te /t/

ARTICLES masculin feminine
neuter singular el la lo plural
los les Contractions EL LA
LO LOS LES A al DE del PA pal SO
sol CON col cola colo colos
coles EN nel na no nos
nes PER pel pela pelo pelos peles POR
pol pola polo polos poles
VERBS Falar Dir Ser falo voi/vo
soi/so fales vas yes fala va
ye falamos vamos somos faláis vais
sois falen van son
Sample text in Asturian Tolos seres humanos nacen
llibres y iguales en dignidá y drechos y, pola
mor de la razón y la conciencia de so, han
comportase hermaniblemente los unos colos otros.
Translation All human beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act towards
one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article
1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
29
Statutes and Laws

• STATUTE OF AUTONOMY
• Art. 4.1. El bable gozará de protección. Se
  promoverá su uso, su difusión en los medios de
  comunicación y su enseñanza, respetando en todo
  caso, las variantes locales y la voluntariedad en
  su aprendizaje.
• .2. Una ley del Principado regulará la
  protección, uso y promoción del bable.
• Art. 10.1.15 El fomento y protección del bable en
  sus diversas variantes que, como modalidades
  lingüísticas, se utilizan en el territorio del
  Principado de Asturias
• LEY DE USO Y PROMOCION DEL BABLE/ASTURIANO 1998
• Art. 3. Es objeto de la presente Ley
• a) Amparar el derecho de los ciudadanos a
  conocer y usar el bable/asturiano y establecer
  los medios que lo hagan efectivo.
• b) Fomentar su recuperación y desarrollo,
  definiendo medidas para promover su uso.
• c) Garantizar la enseñanza del bable/asturiano,
  en el ejercicio de las competencias asumidas por
  el Principado de Asturias, atendiendo a los
  principios de voluntariedad, gradualidad y
  respeto a la realidad sociolingüística de
  Asturias.
• d) Asegurar su libre uso y la no discriminación
  de los ciudadanos por este motivo.
• Recognises Asturianu/Bable as traditional
  language of Asturias, and also to
  Asturian/Galician
• Aims to enable use of Bable, extend peoples
  knowledge of it, guarantee education in Bable

30
Education

• Almost 90 of Asturians showed themselves
  favourable to the idea of the indigenous language
  being taught in schools
• Bable nes escueles
• Teaching Bable linked to state education
• Use of Asturian Act establishes the possibility
  of using Asturian as a medium of instruction
• However reality is offer the teaching of the
  Asturian language,
• Tool of communication for complementary academic
  activities school press, theatre, festivals and
  recitals, cultural daytrips,etc.

31
Pre-school Education

• Asturian language is slight at this level of
  education, the majority of teaching unions in
  Asturias demand the inclusion of Asturian within
  their syllabuses and the option to use it as an
  instrument, particularly where the home language
  of pupils is Asturian. Mercator
• Language integrated into teaching, not a separate
  subject
• Pupils taught in Spanish, but cultural aspects
  taught in Bable, especially in rural areas
• PUPILS IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION(2001/02)
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS IN STATE EDUCATIONAL
  ESTABLISHMENTS 13,448
• Number of pupils taught Asturian in state
  educational establishments 1,370
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL
  ESTABLISHMENTS 6,244
• Number of pupils taught Asturian in private
  educational establishments 0
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS 19,692

32
Primary Education

• Asturian not language of instruction
• 2 hours a week of Asturian language
• optional subject
• Concentrated in industrial, urban areas
• Rural areas teach Asturian to a higher level
• PUPILS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION(2001/02)
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS IN STATE EDUCATION 30,325
• Number of pupils taught Asturian in state
  educational establishments 14,238
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS IN PRIVATE EDUCATION
  14,591
• Number of pupils taught Asturian in private
  educational establishments -----
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS 44,916

33
Secondary Education

• Asturian as optional subject
• Not been successfully introduced because of
  administrative issues
• Lack of materials at right level
• STUDENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION(2001/02)
• TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN STATE EDUCATION
  27,018
• Number of students studying Asturian in state
  educational establishments 936
• TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN PRIVATE EDUCATION
  13,978
• Number of students studying Asturian in private
  educational establishments 144
• TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDENTS 40,996

34
Vocational/Higher/Adult Education

• Vocational
• Asturian not subject until 2002/03
• Higher
• University of Oveido
• Asturian can be used, but rarely
• Its use is increasing and becoming more accepted
• 60 places per year for Asturian philology
• Adult
• No real official organisation, but
  Asturian-language classes do exist

35

• 1. Your first language is
• - Asturian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.9
• - Castilian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8
• - Both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8
• - A mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7
• - Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5
• - Dont know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0
• 2. You find it easier to speak
• - In Castilian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7
• - In Asturian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3
• - In both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8
• - It depends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
• - Dont know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
• 3. Which language do you use at home?
• - More Asturian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6

36
Usage/Attitudes/Prestige

• Minority language due to low socio-economic
  status
• Spoken by the rural, old, lower class and less
  educated
• Stigma, inferiority
• Classic diglossic situation
• Asturian informal, intimate
• Spanish formal, official
• Inorganic/disorganised bilingualism

37
Change/ Future?

• Complex, contradictory attitudes
• Young/politically minded more favourable
• Pro-asturian political organisations and
  movements
• Asturian literature revival
• Linked to ethnic identity
• Political measures insufficient, met by
  resistance
• Not recognised as official language

38

• Bilingualism is clearly the linguistic future
  desired and imagined by the great majority of
  Asturians, expressing it with great pragmatism
  and moderation (...) It demands a great regional
  consensus at the institutional level and from
  people of influences and leaders of public
  opinion on the linguistic standardisation to
  reinforce the already important linguistic
  identity of Asturians (...) Majority opinion is
  in favour of equality of treatment in relation to
  the other languages of the Iberian peninsular.
  Standardisation and joint official status are the
  measures by which Asturians stamp their
  aspirations for linguistic justice.
• Llera Ramo 1994

39
Conclusion (Bable/Asturian)

• Romance language 10th century
• Literary tradition
• Suppression under Franco
• Mutually intelligible to Castillian
• Some differences in morphology and lexis
• Few educational and institutional provisions
• Diglossic situation
• Contradictory attitudes
• Promising future

40
Bibliography

• Turell, (2001) Multilingualism in Spain,
  (Clevedon Multilingual matters)
• TEXTO VIGENTE DEL ESTATUTO DE AUTONOMÍA DEL
  PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS (1981) http//www.asturias.
  es/Asturias/DOCUMENTOS20EN20PDF/PDF20DE20SITUA
  CIONES/Estatuto.pdf
• LEY 1/1998, DE 23 DE MARZO, DE USO Y PROMOCION
  DEL BABLE/ASTURIANO. http//boe.es/aeboe/consultas
  /bases_datos/doc.php?coleccioniberlexid1998/101
  26
• Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, (2001)
  Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana
  http//www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/gra
  matica_llingua.pdf
• Mercator, (2002) The Asturian language in
  education in Spain http//www1.fa.knaw.nl/mercator
  /regionale_dossiers/PDFs/asturian_in_spain.pdf

41
Bibliography - Aragonese

• Alvar, M. (1996) Manual de dialectologia
  Hispanica, Barcelona Editorial Ariel,
• Conte, A. (1977) El aragonesIdentidad y
  problematica de una lengua www.consello.org
• Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the
  Stateless Nations Ethnic and National Groups
  Around the World, Westport Greenwood Press
• www.aragontelevision.es
• Creciendo en Aragonese (2007) http//uk.youtube.co
  m/watch?vnNuEqakinRs
• www.charrando.com.
• www.fablans.org
• www.aragon.es