AIR POLLUTION INDEX

1
AIR POLLUTION INDEX
S6 CHEMISTRY PROJECT 2002

• Group Members
• Lo Hing Mei 6C ( 09 )
• Ma Yin Hung 6C ( 10 )
• Shum Shu Ming 6C ( 11 )

2
What is an Air Pollution Index (API)?
2 types General API Roadside API

• 5 bands
• Low (0 to 25)
• Medium (26 to 50)
• High (51 to 100)
• Very High (101 to 200)
• Severe (201 to 500)

3
API Calculation Method

• Concentrations of
• API is the conversion of the ambient
• respirable suspended particulate (RSP)
• sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• carbon monoxide (CO)
• ozone (O3)
• nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• measured at air quality monitoring network to
  a scale of 0 to 500.

4
Air Quality Monitoring Network of Hong Kong
Urban Roadside Air Quality Monitoring
Station Mong Kok, Central, Causeway Bay

• General Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
  Station
• Central, Sham Shui Po, Eastern, Kwun Tong,
  Kwai Chung, Tsuen Wan, Tai Po, Sha Tin, Tung
  Chung, Yuen Long, Tap Mun

5
Air Quality Monitoring Equipment

• Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance(TEOM)
• (For continuous respirable suspended
  particulates monitoring)

6

• High Volume Sampler
• (For manual total suspended particulates
  monitoring)

7

• High Volume Sampler
• (For manual respirable suspended particulates
  monitoring)

8

• NOx , SO2 O3 Analyzers Calibrators
• (For continuous gaseous air pollutant
  monitoring)

9

• Wet Dry Deposition Equipment
• (For measuring acid rain )

10

• Wind Speed Anemometer Direction Vane on
  Mast Top
• (For meteorological parameter measurements)

11

• Measuring Equipment for Solar Radiation
  Temperature
• (For meteorological parameter measurements)

12
Health Effects
Low ( 0-25) Not Expected. Medium (26-51) Not
expected for the general population. High
(51-100) Health effects are not expected,
chronic effects may be observed if exposed for a
long time.
Very High (101-200) People with existing heart
or respiratory illnesses may notice mild
aggravation. Generally may also notice some
discomfort. Severe (201-500) People with
existing heart or respiratory illnesses may
experience significant aggravation of their
symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms
in the healthy population.
13
Advice to Public
Severe (201-500)

• General API
• The general public are advised to reduce
  physical exertion and outdoor activities

• Roadside API
• The general public are advised to avoid prolonged
  stay in areas with heavy traffic. If it is
  necessary to stay in streets or roads with heavy
  traffic, they are advised to reduce physical
  exertion as far as possible.

14

• Very High (101-200)

Roadside API - Persons with existing heart or
respiratory illnesses (such as coronary heart and
cardiovascular diseases, asthma, chronic
bronchitis and chronic obstructive airways
diseases) are advised to avoid prolonged stay in
areas with heavy traffic. If it is

• General API
• - Persons with existing heart or respiratory
  illnesses (such as coronary heart and
  cardiovascular diseases, asthma, chronic
  bronchitis and chronic obstructive airways
  diseases)are advised to

15

• High (50-100)
• No immediate response action is suggested
  --Long-term effects may, however, be observed if
  exposed at this level persistently for months or
  years

• Medium (26-50)
• No response action is required
• Low (0-25)
• No response action is required

16
API Summary of April 2002

• General Stations

17

• Distribution of Hourly API for General Stations
  for the period 1-30 April 2002

18

• Roadside Stations

19

• Distribution of Hourly API for Roadside Stations
  for the period 1-30 April 2002

20
API System in Other Countries
21
Control Programmes

• Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources
• Control of Emissions from Motor Vehicles

22
Achievements

• 80 reduction in pollution emissions by industry
• 30 reduction in the number of complaints against
  dark smoke emissions from industrial sources
• Significant reduction of SO2 levels in industrial
  areas
• Reduction of nuisances from open burning
  activities
• Up to 80 reduction in dust emissions from
  construction activities and local nuisances have
  been minimised
• Smoky vehicles reports have dropped
• Up to 90 reduction in CO2, NO, NO2
  hydrocarbons emissions

23
How You Can Help Clean the Air

• At your home
• - Use clean fuels such as gas or electricity
• - Choose appliances with energy efficiency label
• - Check energy using appliances frequently and
  maintain them properly
• - Always turn off unnecessary lighting, air
  conditioning, electric equipment and energy
  using appliances
• - Keep room temperature at the right lever to
  save energy
• - Make sure doors and windows are closed when
  air- conditioning is necessary

24

• At your school or workplace
• Select a person or form a team to
• 1. educate others about the measures in
  Hong Kong
• 2. encourage others to take actions to
  clean up our air
• If you want to go out
• Dont drive if you can avoid it
• Choose fuel efficient vehicles
• Remove unnecessary loading to reduce fuel
  consumption
• Maintain the vehicle and tune the engine properly
  
• Plan ahead to minimize trips and mileage
• Offer lifts to friends and colleagues

25

• If you are the manager of a fleet of vehicles or
  vessels, or have influence over their operation
• Promote and use clean transport technologies and
  facilities
• Check and maintain vehicles or vessels in best
  conditions
• Provide training to the drivers on eco-driving
• Retrofit vehicles with better pollution control
  devices and phase out old vehicles
• Plan routes and schedules to minimize the number
  of trips and mileage

26

• If you engaged in an industrial operation
• Use clean production technologies and materials
• Save electricity, fuel and solvents
• Use water-based paints and low solvent degreasers
  
• Produce and promote energy efficient, low
  emission products
• Plan routes and schedules to minimize the number
  of trips and mileage for delivery of goods

27

• If you work in a shop or an office
• Conserve energy and materials
• Promote and use energy efficient appliances and
  equipment
• Avoid unnecessary packaging to reduce vehicles
  loading and fuel consumption
• Plan routes carefully to minimize delivery trips
• Minimize business travel by using telephone, fax,
  e-mail or teleconferencing

28

• If you work with a catering business
• Use clean fuels such as gas or electricity
• Install proper cooking fume control equipment,
  and place exhaust at high lever for better
  dispersion of fumes
• Clean and maintain the air pollution control
  equipment properly
• Conserve energy and electricity
• Use energy efficient appliances

29

• If you design, build or manage buildings
• Construct energy efficient, environmentally
  friendly building
• Implement good management practices to reduce
  dust during construction
• Provide easy access to public transport
• Provide easy pedestrian and cycling access
• Maintain ventilation systems well
• During renovation, use materials having low
  volatile organic compounds content
• Use water-based paints

30
THE END