By colomba sanchez

1
By colomba sanchez

• Assessment
• Anxiety Disorders

2
Factors in Mental Disorders

• Causes of Abnormal Behavior include genetic or
  inherited factors and various neurological
  factors that influence how the brain functions.
• A dental Disorder is a prolonged or recurring
  problem that seriously interferes with the
  ability of an individual to live a satisfying
  personal life and function in a society.
• Such as Genetic Factors- that contribute
  to the development of mental disorders are
  unlearned or inherited tendencies that influence
  how a person thinks, behaves, and feels.
• Cognitive-emotional-behavioral and
  environmental factors-such as having unusual
  thoughts and beliefs.
• Definitions of Abnormal behavior include
• Statistical Frequency Approach- Says that a
  behavior may be considered abnormal if it
  occurs rarely or infrequently in relation to the
  behavior s of the general population.
• Social Norms Approach-Says that a behavior is
  considered abnormal if it deviates greatly from
  accepted social standards, values, or norms.
• Maladaptive Behavior Approach-Defines a
  behavior as psychologically damaging or abnormal
  if it interferes with the individuals ability to
  function in one's personal life or in society.

3
Assessing Mental Disorders

• Definition of Assessment
• A clinical assessment involves a systematic
  evaluation of an individuals various
  psychological, biological, and social factors, as
  well as identifying past and present problems,
  stressors, and other cognitive or behavioral
  symptoms.
• Three Methods of Assessment
• Neurological Tests- Check for possible brain
  damage or malfunction.
• Clinical Interview- Gathering information about a
  persons past and current problems. Some
  interviews can be structured (which follow a
  standard format of asking a similar set of
  questions) or unstructured (which means they have
  no set of questions).
• Personality Tests- Include two different kinds of
  tests objective tests (such as the MMPI, which
  consists of specific statements or questions
  which the person responds with specific answers)
  or Projective tests (such as the Rorschach
  inkblot test, which have no set of answers but
  consist of ambiguous stimuli that a person
  interprets or makes up a story about).

4
Diagnosing Mental Disorders

• A Clinical Diagnosis is a process of matching an
  individuals specific symptoms to those that
  define a particular mental disorder.
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders-IV-Text Revision or DSM-IV-TR describes
  a uniform system for assessing specific symptoms
  and matching them to almost 300 different mental
  disorders.
• There are 5 major dimensions of DSM-IV-TR, called
  axes, which serve as guidelines for making
  decisions about symptoms.
• Axis I Nine Major Clinical Syndromes which
  are
• 1. Disorders usually diagnosed in infancy,
  Childhood, or Adolescence.
• 2.Organic mental disorders
• 3.Substance-related disorders
• 4.Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
• 5.Mood disorders
• 6.Anxiety disorders
• 7.Somatoform disorders
• 8.Dissociative disorders
• 9.Sexual and gender identity disorders.
• Axis II Personality disorders (Refers to
  disorders that involve patterns of personality
  traits that are long standing and involve
  impaired functioning or subjective distress.)
• Axis III General Medical Conditions (Refers to
  psychical disorders or conditions.)
• Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental
  Problems (Refers to psychosocial and
  environmental problems that may affect the
  diagnoses of mental disorders in Axes I and II.)
• Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning Scale
  (This axis is used to rate the overall
  psychological functioning of the individual on a
  scale from 1 to 100.)

5
Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder- GAD is
  characterized by excessive or unrealistic worry
  about almost everything or feeling that something
  bad is about to happen.
• Panic Disorder is characterized by recurrent and
  unexpected panic attacks. The person becomes so
  worried about having another panic attack that
  this intense worrying interferes with normal
  psychological functioning. A panic attack is a
  period if intense fear or discomfort in which
  four or more of the following symptoms are
  present Pounding heart, shortness of breath,
  feelings of choking, nausea, chest pain, feeling
  dizzy and fear of losing control or dying.
• Phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an
  intense or irrational fear that is out of all
  proportion to the possible danger of the object
  or situation. Because of this fear, people go to
  great lengths to avoid the feared event. If it is
  unavoidable, the person feels intense anxiety.
• Three types of Phobias
• -Social Phobias are characterized by
  irrational, marked, and continuous fear of
  performing in social situations. The individuals
  fear that they will humiliate or embarrass
  themselves.
• -Specific Phobias, formerly called simple
  phobias, are characterized by marked and
  persistent fears that are unreasonable and
  triggered by anticipation of, or exposure to, a
  specific object or situation. (Flying, heights,
  spiders, seeing blood, etc)
• -Agoraphobia is characterized by anxiety about
  being in places or situations from which escape
  might be difficult or embarrassing if a panic
  attack were to occur.
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Consists of
  obsessions, which are persistent, recurring
  irrational thoughts, impulses, or images that a
  person is unable to control and that interfere
  with normal functioning, and compulsions, which
  are irresistible impulses to perform over and
  over some senseless behavior or ritual Hand
  washing,, checking things, counting, putting
  things in order
• Treatment for OCD is called exposure therapy.
  Which involves gradually exposing the person to
  the actual anxiety-producing situations or
  objects that he or she is attempting to avoid and
  continuing the exposure treatments until anxiety
  decreases.
• Antidepressants drugs are also prescribed for
  OCD victims, but exposure therapy is more common.

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Somatoform Disorders

• The intense focus on imagined, painful, or
  uncomfortable physical symptoms is
  characteristics of individuals with somatoform
  disorders.
• Somatoform disorders are marked by a pattern of
  recurring, multiple and significant bodily
  symptoms that extend over several years. The
  bodily symptoms are not under voluntary control,
  have no known physical causes and are believed to
  be caused by psychological factors.
• Somatization disorder hysteria begins before
  age 30, last several years and is characterized
  by multiple symptomsIncluding pain,
  gastrointestinal, sexual, and neurological
  symptoms--that have no physical causes but are
  triggered by psychological problems or distress.
• A conversion disorder refers to changing anxiety
  or emotional distress into real physical. Motor,
  sensory, or neurological symptoms (headaches,
  nausea, dizziness, loss of sensation, paralysis)
  for which no physical or organic cause can be
  indentified.
• Mass Hysteria is a condition experienced by a
  group of people who, through suggestion,
  observation, or other psychological processes,
  develop similar fears, delusions, abnormal
  behaviors, or physical symptoms.

7
Cultural Diversity

• An Asian Culture Disorder

• United States Culture Disorder

• If you were to have a social phobia in several
  Asian cultures, especially in Japan or Korea, it
  might mean that you had a very different kind of
  fear or embarrassment than the ones in the United
  States.
• This is called Taijin Kyofusho.
• Taijin Kyofusho is a kind of social phobia
  characterized by a terrible fear of offending
  others through awkward social or physical
  behavior, such as staring, blushing, giving off
  an offensive odor, having an unpleasant facial
  expression, or having trembling hands.
• TKS is different in that it is an intense,
  irrational, morbid fear-in other words, a true
  phobia.
• In desperate attempts to avoid TKS, Asians may
  try to avoid social interactions all together.
• TKS begins around adolescence, when interpersonal
  interactions play a big role in ones life.

• Everyone wonders what turn adolescence into
  killers. In most cases, this is known as Conduct
  Disorder.
• Conduct Disorder refers to a repetitive and
  persistent pattern of behaving that has been
  going on for at least a year and that violates
  the established social rules or the rights of
  others. Problems may include aggressive
  behaviors such as threatening to harm people,
  abusing or killing animals, destroying property,
  being deceitful, or stealing.
• To answer why these adolescence to these things,
  a case study is the primarily approach.
• A Case Study is an in-depth analysis of the
  thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences,
  behaviors, and problems of a sing individual.

8
Treating Phobias

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy involves using a
  combination of two methods Changing negative,
  unhealthy, or distorted thoughts and beliefs by
  substituting positive, healthy, realistic ones
  changing limiting or disruptive behaviors b
  learning and practicing new skills to improve
  functioning.
• Exposure Therapy consists of gradually exposing
  the person to the real anxiety-producing
  situations or objects that he or she is
  attempting to avoid and continuing exposure
  treatment until the anxiety decreases.
• If either Cognitive-behavioral therapy or
  Exposure therapy seem to fail, Virtual reality
  therapy would be used.
• Social and specific phobias have been
  successfully treated with tranquilizers called
  benzodiazepines. Although these drugs are
  effective, they have two problems when
  individuals stop taking these drugs, the original
  fearful symptoms may return, which is called
  relapse and if individuals are maintained on
  drugs for some length of time, they may develop
  tolerance, which means they will have to take
  larger doses, which in turn may cause side
  effects such as loss of memory.