RECIDIVISM IN VIOLENCE AMONG DELINQUENT THAI JUVENILE

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RECIDIVISM IN VIOLENCE AMONG DELINQUENT THAI
JUVENILES
Geographic Situation and Risk Factor Analysis
Supaporn Upalabat Pimpan
Silpasuwan Chukiet Vivatwongkasem Pitakpol
Bunyamalik
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Part 1Introduction
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• Recidivism in violence is a massive and ever
  growing problem in every part of the world that
• merits serious attention
• (W.H.O., 2002)

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Problem and significance of recidivism in violence

• Becomes a more frequent and a common occurrence.
• Becomes an inevitable hardened criminal
  behaviors, as it has for adult crime.
• Directly affects society and leads to mental
  health problems.
• Harms to individuals (victims and juveniles),
  families, communities, societies, and the nation
  deeply (death, illness, disability and quality of
  life).

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Problem and significance of recidivism in violence

• Increases the cost of health and welfare services
• Reduces productivity
• Decreases property value
• Disrupts a range of essential services
• Undermines the fabric of society
• Often relates to other problems
• (i.e., truancy and dropping out of school,
  substance abuse, sexual abuse, compulsive lying,
  reckless driving, high STD rate, mental health
  and behavior disorder)

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Problem and significance of recidivism in violence

• In Thailand
• 26.8 million children and youths (1/4 pop)
• Almost 1 are juvenile delinquents
• 91 are male
• 7 are poor
• gt 12 are recidivists
• From 1996-2006
• recidivism cases ? 109
• recidivism in violence cases ? 676

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Number of juvenile cases Handled by all Juvenile
Observation and Protection Centers , 1995 2006,
classified by age.
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Percentage of recidivism cases Handled by all
Juvenile Observation and Protection Centers, 1995
2006, classified by recidivism cases.
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Violence Offense of life and body or relating
to sexuality (Criteria of the Department of
Juvenile Observation and Protection)

• Offense life and body
• - Murder or malicious killing
• - Manslaughter
• - Attempt murder
• - Negligent murder
• - Affray murder
• - Bodily harm
• - Attempted bodily harm
• - Assembly of 10 or more peoples
• - Negligent bodily and mental harm
• - Affray grievous bodily harm
• - Abortion

• Offense relating to sexuality
• - Indecent act
• - Rape
• - Attempted rape
• - Orbation
• - Ravishment
• - Attempted sexual offense

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• Recidivism in violence problem
• Multidimensional nature
• Recidivism rate higher than the standard
• Knowledge of situation and factors related are
• ambiguous
• Limited research study
• Like an epidemic worldwide

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Theoretical Framework Containment Theory

• Inner (Internal factor)
• i.e.,
• Low intelligent
• Aggressive behavior
• Low level of frustration tolerance
• No internalized morals and
• ethics
• No developed ego and
• superego
• Drug abuse
• Having antisocial attitude
• etc.

• Outer (External factor)
• i.e.,
• Family weakness
• Risk community
• No constraints social roles
• and norms (such as consistent
• moral values, institutional
• support for internal values,
• positive role models, reasonable
• limits and responsibilities, and
• sense of belongingness)
• etc.

Weakness of both inner and outer control
Committed crime/ delinquent
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Research Question

• What is the high risk geographic distribution of
• recidivism in violence among delinquent Thai
  
• juvenile?
• What are the risk factors associated with
• recidivism in violence among delinquent Thai
  juvenile?

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Research Objective

• To investigate high risk geographic distribution
  of recidivism in violence among delinquent Thai
  juvenile.
• To determine risk factors associated with
• recidivism in violence among delinquent Thai
• juvenile.

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Conceptual Framework

• Internal factor
• Individual
• Demographic characteristic
• (age, age of first crime, gender, place of
  crime)
• - Psychological and behavioral characteristic
• (I.Q, attitude toward crime, temperament,)
• Behavioral characteristic (aggressiveness,
  criminal history, alcohol use)

Recidivism in violence juvenile delinquency

• External factor
• Peer influences
  School and education
• Gang membership
  - School performance
• Gang involvement
  - School attachment
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  - Education
  level
• Family influences
• Family income -
  Family relationship
• Family income sufficiency -
  Parental Education
• - Family size
  - Parental status
• - Parenting Style
  - Parental criminal history
• - Parental substance abuse -
  Parental mental health problem
• Community influences
• - Community environment -
  Community cohesion
• - Community violent crime -
  Community religiousness

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Part 2. Methodology
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Research Design
Phase. 1 Cross-sectional study design
- investigate high risk geographic
distribution of recidivism in violence
among delinquent Thai
juvenile - using the mixture model in
disease mapping - the study
units are all 76 JOPCs, Thailand. Phase. 2
Case-control study design - determine
risk factor associated with recidivism in
violence among delinquent Thai
juvenile - using logistic
regression model
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Source of data
Data for cross-sectional design (phase 1.)
recidivism in violence secondary data
January-December 2006
Data for case control study design (phase 2.)
recidivism and non-recidivism cases in high
risk area (from phase 1.)
collect cases and controls at a ratio of 12
October 2007 April 2008 (6 mo.)
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Population
Case group - The recidivism cases in violent
delinquent Thai juvenile - Repeat the offense in
life and body and/or relating to sexuality
more than one time. Control group - The
non-recidivism cases who ever committed the
offense of life and body, and/ or relating to
sexuality only one time. - Not repeat this
offense within 6 month after released from
the JOPC, Thailand.
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Sample, sample size, and sample selection
Phase 1. - use all secondary data of
recidivism in violence among
Thai juvenile delinquent in the year 2006 Phase
2. - simple random sampling - 250
cases (Violent recidivist from JOPC in
high distribution of
recidivism in violence) - 500
controls (Non violent recidivist from probation
list of JOPC at the same province as case)
- Total 750
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Recruitment Inclusion criteria

• Case
• The recidivism cases among violent juvenile
  delinquents
• Age 7-18 years
• Incarcerated in the offense of life and body,
  and/or relating to sexuality gt 1 time
• Training in JOPC since Jan 1, 2007 (in the
  province with high recidivism rate identified in
  phase 1.)
• Thai nationality
• Willingness to participate in this study, and
  signed in consent form
• - Full consciousness when communicating

• Control
• The non-recidivist violent juvenile delinquent
• Age 7-18 years
• Having committed an offense of life and body,
  and/ or relating to sexuality only once and did
  not repeat this offense within 6 months (after
  released from JOPC since Jan 1, 2007)
• Reporting to their probation officer 6 months
  (after released from JOPC in the province with
  high recidivism rate identified in phase 1.)
• Thai nationality
• Willingness to participate in this study, and
  signed in consent form
• - Full consciousness when communicating

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Research Instrument
Phase 1 - Recidivism in violence record
form Phase 2 - Recidivism in violence
questionnaire - Aggressive
behavior assessment - Attitude
toward crime assessment - I.Q
record form
Data collection
Phase 1. using secondary data from the annual
report of DJOP in the period
2006 (Jan.- Dec. 2006) Phase2. using the
result from phase 1 as a sampling frame
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Data analysis and statistic used
Cross-sectional study - Mixture Model for
statistical analysis of Disease Mapping
Case-control study - Univariate
statistic frequency, chi-square
test, and odd ratios - Multivariate
statistic Multiple logistic
regression
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Ethical consideration

• Committee of the Protection of Human Subjects
• of Mahidol University
• Committee of Department of Juvenile Observation
• and Protection, Thailand
• Verbal approval
• Giving the essential information
• Consent form
• Keep all data with safely and securely

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Part 3. Results
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Figure 1. Disease map for recidivism in violence
among delinquent Thai juveniles
in 2006 using the mixture model approach.
Components High risk area (p 0.3705 ?
1.5973) Moderate risk area (p 0.4237 ?
0.9967) Low risk area (p 0.2058 ? 0.5687)
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Statistical significance at ? 0.10
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Multiple logistic regression model for factor
associated with recidivism in violence among
Thai delinquent juvenile.
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Part 4. Discussion and conclusion
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• Public health discipline of knowledge aspect
• 2. Professional aspect
• 2.1 Education aspect
• 2.2 Practice aspect
• 2.3 Administration aspect
• 3. Social aspect

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Recidivism in violence among Thai delinquent
juvenile situation Factor associated with
recidivism in violence - Individual - Peer -
School - Family - Community Promotion and
Prevention Further study
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Thank you