The cranial nerves

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The cranial nerves
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Central Nervous System - Brain

• Identify the anatomical location of each major
  brain area.
• Describe the functions of the major brain areas
  including specialized subregions.

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Major brain areas
Cerebrum cortex basal ganglia limbic system
Thalamus sensory relay station
Cerebellum motor coordination balance
Hypothalamus autonomic NS
Brain stem midbrain pons medulla
Reticular formation arousal/sleep/wake
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Cerebral Cortex Perception of senses,
association, reasoning, information integration,
planning, directing voluntary behavior
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Figure 48.25 Primary motor and somatosensory
areas of the human cerebral cortex
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Map this pathway as a simple afferent to CNS to
efferent path, naming the neural structures
involvedYou feel the desk and move your hand
away as soon as you feel the desk.
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somatosensory cortex to primary motor cortex
Touch receptors
thalamus
spinal cord
sensory neuron
Somatic motor nerve to muscle
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Spinal Cord
? Dorsal root - sensory ? Ventral root - motor
The white matter consists of ascending (green)
and descending (red) axons while the gray matter
contains primarily dendrites and cell soma. Each
segment has paired spinal nerves. 31 total
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Cerebrum - basal nuclei and limbic system

• Basal nuclei control of movement
• Limbic System
• Cingulate gyrus role in emotion
• Hippocampus learning memory
• Amygdala emotion memory

Figure 9-13 The limbic system
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Diencephalon -thalamus hypothalamus

• Thalamus relay sensory integration
• Hypothalamus
• Homeostatic control centers
• Motivated behavior control
• Hunger, stress
• Thirst body osmolarity
• Autonomic NS control
• Emotional input
• Circadian rhythms
• Tropic for endocrine

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Complex function Language
Figure 9-23 Cerebral processing of spoken and
visual language
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Damage to Broca's Area (Broca's
aphasia) - prevents a person from producing
speech - person can understand language - words
are not properly formed - speech is slow and
slurred.
Damage to Wernicke's Area

(Wernicke's aphasia) loss of word
understanding person can speak clearly, but
the words make no sense.
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Cerebrum
Figure 9-11 The basal nuclei
Figure 9-16 Cerebral lateralization