Title: S
1????????????????
- ???????????
- ???????????????????????
- ????????????????? ??? ??????
??? ???????? W Q
???????? S
???????? 1
???????? H
???????? 2
- ?????????????????? Hf - ???????????????????? -
???????????????? - ????? Temp ???????? H
???????? 3
???????????????????? G
2???????????
- ??????? (Closed system)
- ?????? E ??? ????????? M ??????
- ???????? (Open system)
- ????????????? E ??? M
- ????????????? (Isolated system)
- ?????????? E ??? M ??????
3Heat
C ????????????????????????????????? 1 ???
????????????????? 1 ???? (C ???? K)
4P ?????
Irreversible work
5Reversible work
6????????? ??? ??? ????????
- ???????? ??????????????????
??????????????????? -
- ??? ?????????????????????????????????? -
(????????? ???????????????????) -
- ?????????????????????????????????????
? (???????????????? ????????????)
7???????? 1 ???????????????????
DU DQ W
- ETotal EK.E EP.E U ..
- U EvibErotEtranEe Enu
8Enthalpy
??????????? 1 DU DQ W
??????????????? DU DQ - PDV
????????? P ????? U2-U1
DQP-P(V2-V1)
???? (U2PV2) - (U1PV1)DQP
9????
10???????? ????? PV-work ????????? 1 l.
??????????? 2 l. ??? Pex 10 atm. ?????
- W -Pex (V2 - V1) - (10 atm)(2l -
1l) - 10 l.atm - (- 10 l.atm) ( 1.987 cal )
(0.08205 l.atm) - 242 cal
11?????? DH ??? DU
Thermometer
Stirrer
-
- Bomb Calorimeter
- (V ?????)
H2O
Bomb
Sample
12???????? ??? Benzoic acid 0.2590 g ?? Bomb
????? T1 22.17 oC T2 22.22 oC????? Cv ???
Bomb 5267.8 JK-1mol-1 ????? DU
2C6H5COOH(s)15O2(g)14CO2(g)6H2O(l)
13???????? Ideal gas 0.850 mol ?????????? p 15.0
atm 300 K ?????? 1.0 atm ?????????????????
????? a ????????????????? b ??????????
Irreversible c ?????????? Reversible
T ?????
- (a) W -Pex DV 0 ( Pex 0 )
14- (b)
- W -PexDV
- -P2(V2-V1)
- -P2(nRT/P2 nRT/P1)
- -nRTP2(1/P2 1/P1)
- -(0.850 mol)(0.08206 lit.atm.K-1.mol-1)
- (300 K)(1atm)(1/15.0atm)-(1/1.0atm)
- -19.5 lit.atm
- -1980 J.
15- (c) w -nRT ln (P1/P2)
- -(0.850 mol)(8.314 J.K-1mol-1)
- (300 K)ln (15.0 atm/1.0 atm )
- -5740 J
- ????????? (c) gtgt (b)
16Standard Enthalpy of Formation (?????????????????
????????)
- ???????? ??????????????????????? 298 K 1
atm
17????????????????????????
18- ????????
- 2C2H2(g)5O2(g) 4CO2(g)2H2O(l) DHo?
DHo ???????????? Hfo,xxx ????????????
19???????? (S)
- 1. Thermodynamic Definition
20- DQ1DQ2DQ3DQ4 0 (QState function)
-
21??????? DS DQREV State
function
T
22- 2. Statistical Definition
- S ????????????????
- S k ln W
- k Boltzman Constant
- W Probability ????????????? space
23??? S ??????????
- 1. ???????????? S( g) gtgt S(l) gtgt
S(s) - 2. ????????????? S(?????????????) gt
S(??????????????) - 3. ????????????????? ????????????? S(
?????????????) gt S( ????????????)
24???????? 2 ??? Thermo.
- Spontaneous process
- DS Dsuniv
- DSsys DSsur gt 0
- DS gt 0 () ??????????
- DS 0 ?????
- DS lt 0 (-) ?????????????
25???????? 3 ??? Thermo.
- SA(0 K) 0
- ??? Apure perfect crystal
26Standard Entropy of Formation (??????????????????
???????)
27????????????????????????
28Gibbs free energy, G
- Spontaneous Suniv Ssys
Ssur dSuniv dSsys dSsur gt 0 - dSsys d(Qsur /T) gt 0
- Qsur-Qsys dSsys - d (Qsys/T) gt 0
- Pconst. dSsys - d H/T gt 0
GH-TS
dGdH-TdSlt0
29Helmholtzs free energy, A
- Spontaneous Suniv Ssys Ssur
dSuniv dSsys dSsur gt 0
dSsysd(Qsur/T)gt 0 Qsur -Qsys
dSsys-d(Qsys/T)gt 0 - Vconst. dSsys - d U/T gt 0
AU-TS
dAdU-TdSlt0
30Spontaneous process
DGlt0(-) DG0 DGgt0()
DSgt0() ?????????? DS0 ?????
DSlt0(-) ?????????????
???? DAlt0(-) DA0
DAgt0()
31Spontaneous process
DG DH-TDS
???????? 2C2H2(g)5O2(g) 4CO2(g)2H2O(l) DHo-2
0.5 kj.mol-1 Spontaneous?
32??? G (??? A) ?????????????
i) DG of reaction
33????????
????? 2 ???
34163.14 J.K -1 mol-1
????? ???????? S J ?????? KJ
35What is G ?
????????????????? W Irrev.
36Irrev. (P ?????)
Rev. (P ????????)
P