Types of Statistics

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Types of Statistics

• Descriptive
• Summarizes or describes data
• Expresses characteristics of a data set with one
  or a few numbers
• Inferential
• Attempts to account for chance
• Makes inferences about a population when
  information is obtained from a sample
• Population ?? Parameter
• Sample ?? Statistic

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Research Designs

• Key Concept
• Statistics are completely dependent upon the
  research design used.

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Research Designs

• Experimental and Quasi-Experimental
• Variables
• Independent, Grouping, and Subject
• Dependent
• Types
• Between Subjects
• Within Subjects
• Mixed
• Correlational

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Research Designs

• Variables
• Qualitative
• Measures qualities
• Discrete measurements
• Quantitative
• Measures degree or how much
• Continuous measurements

5
Scales (Levels) of Measurement

• Key Concept
• Statistics are completely dependent upon the
  scale of measurement used.

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Scales (Levels) of Measurement

• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio

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Scales of MeasurementQuick Quiz

• The distance between Columbus and Cincinnati
• Classifying people as Protestant or Catholic
• How fast a rat responds to a stimulus
• Phone numbers
• Ranking a bunch of cookies from best to worst
• Number of calories consumed
• Classifying people as left or right handed
• Peoples preferences for political candidates
• Type of therapy a person recieved
• Zip codes

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Simple Frequency DistributionHow many people
have score X?
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Cumulative Frequency DistributionHow many people
have score X or less?
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Relative Frequency DistributionWhat percent of
people have score X or less?
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Cumulative Relative Frequency DistributionHow
many people have score X or less?
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Grouped Frequency DistributionHow many people
scored between X and Y?
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Graphical Presentations

• Basics of Graphing
• Ordinate
• Abscissa
• Types of Graphs
• Frequency Polygons
• Histograms
• Describing Graphs
• Normal
• Skewed
• Rectangular
• Bimodal

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More Scales of Measurement

• Class performance evaluated in a scale from 1 to
  10
• Categorization of students as prepared or
  unprepared to advance to the next grade level
• Classifying participants as young, middle-aged,
  or old
• Ranking of participants from youngest to oldest
• Ages of participants
• Number of problems solved in a test
• Numbers on sports uniforms
• Temperature measured in Celsius
• Military rank
• IQ