Fri Apr 28 Learning and Memory

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Fri Apr 28Learning and Memory
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Categories of Learning and Memory A.
Non-declarative learning and memory also known
as procedural learning and memory shown through
performance Simple Conditioning Procedural
Learning B. Declarative learning and memory a
type of learning that can be stated or described
the events of your life episodic or
autobiographical memory acquired facts formal
knowledge semantic memory Different types use
different brain systems.
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A. Non-declarative learning and memory also
known as procedural learning and memory shown
through performance. Can be mastered to
differing degrees of automaticity subcortical
control 1. Simple Conditioning (amygdala and
cerebellum also motor cortex) Pavlovian
Conditioning establishing an association
between a neutral stimulus with one (food
unconditioned stimulus) that always evokes a
particular response (salivation unconditioned
response) Subtypes Eyeblink Conditioning
(cerebellum) Conditioned
Emotional Responding 2. Procedural/Skill
Learning (striatum basal ganglia) Basal
Ganglia use experience to inform/refine motor
movements. Experimental tasks mirror tracing
reading mirror reversed text
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1. Simple Conditioning (amygdala and
cerebellum) 2. Procedural/Skill Learning
(striatum basal ganglia) 3. Priming change
in the processing of a stimulus, usually a word
or a picture, based on prior exposure to the same
stimulus or related stimuli
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1. Simple Conditioning (amygdala and
cerebellum) 2. Procedural/Skill Learning
(striatum basal ganglia) 3. Priming context
facilitates (primes) word choice speed of
retrieval word-nonword decisions. Automatic
process but cortex does it. Helps us remember
currently important things faster. Context
facilitates word stem completions pea_ (pear vs
peak based on prior words setting context for
fruits) Sentence context facilitates word used
for sentence completion When I go to the
movies, I like to have buttered ________. Also
meaningful relationships prime retrieval of
related words and speed word judgments as words
or non-words. Task press button to indicate
word or non-word. Faster to identify nurse a
word, if you have just read the word doctor or
hospital etc)
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Categories of Learning and Memory A.
Non-declarative learning and memory also known
as procedural learning and memory shown through
performance Simple Conditioning Procedural
Learning B. Declarative learning and memory a
type of learning that can be stated or described
the events of your life episodic or
autobiographical memory acquired facts formal
knowledge semantic memory Different types use
different brain systems.
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Three stages of information processing 1.
Sensory information store - briefly holds
information from the senses 2. Short term memory
- attended and perceived information from sensory
memory is held for 20-30 seconds (others include
Intermediate memory) 3. Long term memory -
relatively permanent storage
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• 1. Sensory information store - holds information
  from the senses for only an instant - the memory
  trace iconic memory
• very brief but perfect replica of stimuli
• allows continuity to be perceived

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• 1. Sensory information store
• Visual sensory information store - 0.5 sec
• photographic memory
• Auditory sensory information store - a few
  seconds (echo) - echoic memory

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• 1. Sensory information store
• Research by George Sperling - studied subjects
  ability to remember briefly displayed letters
• X F G
• P S R
• B L A
• without prompt, remembered a few letters from
  varying locations
• Tone prompts within 1/2 second of presentation
  or letters forgotten
• powerful role of attention
• Eyes send perfect visual copy to brain that
  lasts lt 1/2 second, then forgotten
• errors based on physical features
• (P instead of F)

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• 1. Sensory information store
• Research by George Sperling - studied subjects
  ability to remember briefly displayed letters
• without prompt, remembered a few letters from
  varying locations
• but if a tone prompts within 1/2 second of
  presentation of letters and tells location to
  recall, subjects remember better.
• With prompt, could remember each row equally
  well.
• indicates that the information was briefly in
  memory for all locations
• Eyes send perfect visual copy to brain that
  lasts lt 1/2 second, but then forgotten.

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• 1. Sensory information store
• Visual sensory information store - 0.5 sec
• photographic memory
• Auditory sensory information store - a few
  seconds (echo) - echoic memory
• Relevant neural structures are in the sensory
  cortex for the modality evaluated.

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Three stages of memory processing 1. Sensory
information store 2. Short term memory Working
Memory 3. Long term memory - relatively permanent
storage
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• Short Term Memory (STM)
• information from sensory memory is transferred
  to STM when it grabs our attention
• temporary storage working memory
• lasts lt 20 sec unless rehearsed
• limited capacity - 7 2 items (Millers Magic
  Number 7)
• lost due to interference

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• Neural Substrates for Working Memory (STM)
• A. Prefrontal cortex appears to be the place
  where attended or selected information is
  manipulated in working memory (short term memory)
• the brains chalkboard
• cortical tissue located just behind forehead

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The Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory
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• Neural Substrates for Working Memory (STM)
• cortical tissue located just behind forehead
• maintains currently important information in an
  active state
• focuses attention to needs of task or state
• controls temporal organization of behavior
  (planning)
• allows self-monitoring of ones own behavior
  (randomly give digits 1-10 no repeats)

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Neural Substrates for Working Memory (STM) B.
Primary research task - delayed matching to
sample learning (2-20 sec usually)
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How does short term memory become long term
memory? Through encoding, consolidation,
storage (and retrieval) Multiple types of memory
each with its own system