NATO REVIEW PANEL: An Endorsement of Expansion

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NATO REVIEW PANEL An Endorsement of Expansion

• Kate Ruprecht, Blake Shaw, Marian Gottlieb, Ted
  Hendershot, and Kerri Sakowski

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NATOS ROLE, THEN AND NOW FRAMING EXPANSION

• Kerri Sakowski

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Excerpt From the NATO Charter

• The NATO Charter explicitly states that the
  goals of NATO are to
• Safeguard the freedom, common heritage and
  civilisation of their peoples, founded on the
  principles of democracy, individual liberty and
  the rule of law. They seek to promote stability
  and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They
  are resolved to unite their efforts for
  collective defence and for the preservation of
  peace and security. (NATO official text)

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Need for NATO

• The need for collective security among North
  Atlantic sovereign nations remains relevant
  post-1991.
• Threat of large scale attack replaced by smaller
  insurgencies
• Global terrorism a new collective security threat
• Violations of one states sovereignty may affect
  many more states due to globalization

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Then and Now

• NATO has been an effective provider of military
  security, ensuring stability for member and
  partner countries
• NATO will need to evolve past her limitations as
  a military alliance in order to deal with an
  evolving set of security demands
• NATOs dedication to peace, security, and
  stability can not waver.

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History of Expansion

• NATOs first enlargement was in 1952
• NATOs fourth and fifth enlargements (1999, 2004)
  admitted nine former Warsaw Pact nations
• Alignment with former rivals
• Establishment of open, transparent military
  alliance
• NATOs sixth expansion (2009) admitted Albania
  and Croatia

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Significance of NATO Membership

• Members of NATO are guaranteed the same level of
  security as the original member states
• NATO members contribute financially towards
  military endeavors and the integration of new
  member militaries.
• A member state must institute humanitarian reform
  before it can be admitted.

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NATO in the Future

• Lessons have been learned from past mistakes of
  NATO humanitarian and military efforts
• NATOs successes have proven that a military
  alliance can provide peace and stability
• NATO is aligned with the growth of democratic
  institutions and commitment to the peaceful
  resolution of disputes.

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ArgumentS against NATO EXPANSION

• Kate Ruprecht

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Overview

• The group opposed to NATO enlargement raised
  many points in opposition to NATO in general,
  rather than expansion policy in particular.
• In responding to this group, we wish to discuss
  the desirable prerequisites for NATO membership
  and the shifting demands on NATO as a collective
  security organization.

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Shifting NATO Concerns

• Post-1991, military conflict with the Soviet
  Union is no longer a threat. Ten current NATO
  member countries are former members of the WTO.
• In transitioning into the post-USSR world, the
  mission of NATO has remained the same
• Collective defense for the preservation of peace
  and security for its members
• within a shifting context of focus
• Arms reduction, security through inclusion, and
  crisis management
• NATOs new role is to promote peace and stability
  using a limited set of diplomatic and military
  tools.

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Context of NATO Expansion

• One of NATOs most important tools is the
  creation of allies through membership expansion
• Each new state offers specific benefits which
  strengthen NATO
• As NATO becomes stronger, it becomes more likely
  that its size and influence will deter threats on
  NATO countries.
• Unlike the UN or EU, NATOs sole purpose is to
  protect its member states.
• Military defense
• Specific Location

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General Consequences of Membership

• While NATO is a collective security organization
• And NOT a humanitarian organization
• And also NOT a league of democracies
• The North Atlantic Treaty overall fosters
  commitment to democratic principles
• It has received legitimate criticism for
  violating these ideals
• Bombing of former Yugoslavia and Kosovo
• Tolerance of authoritarian Greece, Turkey, and
  Portugal as member states

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Expansion Outside of North-Atlantic Region

• Expanding outside of the North-Atlantic Region
  would represent a change of mission for NATO and
  require a reevaluation of its goals and policy
• Ukraine and Georgia are both European Nations and
  thus should be eligible for NATO inclusion
• Expansion inside of Europe is consistent with
  NATOs goals.

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the ArgumentS FOR NATO EXPANSION

• Marian Gottlieb

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Overview

• NATOs main purpose is to promote stability and
  ensure the common defense of member states in the
  North-Atlantic and, in various ways, partner
  states around the world.
• Enlargement would strengthen NATO in this goal,
  and ensure NATOs ability to respond to the
  changing nature of threats in a post-Cold War
  North Atlantic.

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Central Argument

• NATOs main purpose is to promote the stability
  and well-being of European member nations.
• This purpose is best served by promoting
  democracy and cooperation throughout the entire
  region.
• Strategic concept claims protection for all of
  Europe
• The best way for NATO to protect herself is to
  become a productive, peace-building force in
  Europe.

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Shifting NATO Concerns

• Since the Cold War, the challenges faced by NATO
  have evolved
• Regional crises at the periphery of the alliance
• Ethnic and religious rivalries
• Human rights abuses
• Terrorism
• NATOs ability to respond to these threats would
  be strengthened by expansion.

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1995 NATO Enlargement Study

• Conclusion by study enlargement contributes to
  enhanced stability and security
• NATO membership necessitates
• Democratization
• economic liberalization
• commitment to the rule of law
• Offering membership is an incentive for reform
  through the MAP

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Inclusion and Expansion

• Inclusion leads to broader perspective in
  decision-making apparatus
• NATO is dedicated to protecting state sovereignty
• Potential NATO members are desirable allies
• Ukraine is essential to the economic and energy
  security of Europe (Odessa-Brody pipeline)
• Georgias stability desirable to Europe

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CASES GEORGIA AND UKRAINE

• Ted Hendershot

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Georgia and Ukraine

• As of April 2008, Georgia and Ukraine have both
  been pledged eventual membership in NATO
• These nations still fall short of basic NATO
  standards
• Political reform
• Military readiness
• Nonetheless, these nations should be allowed to
  join MAP as soon as possible

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The Russia-Georgia war

• The August 2008 Russia-Georgia war over South
  Ossetia has raised questions about Georgias
  commitment to NATO ideals
• Ability of a state to resolve conflicts
  peacefully
• Heavy artillery was used against civilians mere
  hours after Mikheil Saakashvili declared a
  cease-fire
• Despite this, Georgias territorial integrity
  should be defensible against Russian military
  aggression.

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Georgian Integration

• NATO must continue to expand their efforts with
  Ukraine and Georgia, specifically
• Programs of military reform
• Programs of modernization
• South Ossetia and Abkhazia are now recognized by
  Russia as independent countries
• Georgia has demonstrated a commitment to the
  democratic and humanitarian values espoused by
  NATO membership policy

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Ukraine

• Viktor Yushchenko applied for MAP status in
  January 2008
• Popular opinion in Ukraine remains against NATO
  membership
• NATO has agreed to work out an Annual National
  Programme of assistance to Ukraine to implement
  necessary reforms to accede the alliance

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Ukraines Strategic Importance

• The Ukraine is of geo-strategic importance due to
  the Odessa-Brody pipeline
• If this pipeline were made an article of
  collective interest for NATO, the risk of Russian
  intervention would be reduced.
• Popular opinion in Ukraine remains against NATO
  membership
• NATO has agreed to work out an Annual National
  Programme of assistance to Ukraine to implement
  necessary reforms to accede the alliance

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CONCLUSION

• Blake Shaw

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The Case Against Enlargement

• The arguments raised against NATO expansion were
  highly critical of NATO as an institution
• The current era of NATO expansion began in 1999.
• Focused examples of problems faced by former WTO
  states in integrating into NATO and examples of
  ways in which NATO has been affected by these
  changes would have been more helpful in coming to
  a decision.

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The Case For Enlargement

• Arguments raised in favor of enlargement broke
  along these lines
• NATOs purpose is best served by promoting
  democracy and cooperation throughout the region
  expansion is necessary to this aim
• The MAP requires desirable stability and
  democratization from would-be member states
• The inclusion of Ukraine and Georgia in NATO is
  essential to the promotion of European security

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NATOs Mission

• The first argument
• NATOs purpose is the promotion of European
  stability and security.
• The best way for NATO to protect itself is to
  become a productive, peace-building force in
  Europe.
• Expansion is the most effective way to achieve
  this aim while dealing with post-Cold War
  threats.

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The MAP to Democratization

• The second argument
• NATOs Membership Action Plans place stringent
  requirements upon its member states. These
  requirements are desirable to a peaceful, stable
  Europe.
• This passive democratization is a highly positive
  result of NATO expansion within the North
  Atlantic.

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Strategic Allies

• The third argument
• Ukraine is of geo-strategic importance for
  economic and energy stability in Europe. Making
  the security of the Odessa-Brody pipeline a
  concern of every NATO member would secure it
  against Russian intervention.
• Georgias ability to defend against an aggressive
  Russia would be enhanced by a MAP.
• Problematic nature of PfPs within Europe

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In Closing

• Blake writes a final concluding slide
• And everybody
• Goes home
• Happy