Review Classification

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Chapter 01

• Review Classification

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A. Definitions

• 1. classification grouping
• 2. taxonomy grouping hierarchically
• 3. reasons for scientific naming
• a. different organisms with same common name

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A. Definitions

• 1. classification grouping
• 2. taxonomy grouping hierarchically
• 3. reasons for scientific naming
• a. different organisms with same common name
• b. different languages have different words for
  same thing

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B. Taxonomy

• 1. categories
• a. hierarchical
• b. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
  genus, species

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Hierarchical Organization of Organisms
Domain

Kingdom
Phylum Phylum
Class
Class
Order Order Order
Order Family
Family Genus
Genus Genus
Genus Species Species Species Species
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B. Taxonomy

• 2. groupings
• a. demonstrate relatedness of organisms
• b. indicate evolutionary pathways

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Fig. 1.11
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B. Taxonomy

• 3. binomial nomenclature - organisms named by
  genus and species in Latin
• 4. proper way to write scientific name -
• Genus species
• a. capitalize first letter of genus
• b. lowercase first letter of species
• c. set name apart in different type (italics or
  bold) or underline it when writing longhand

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B. Taxonomy

• 5. definition of species
• a. biological definition - interbreed and share
  gene pool
• b. problems with the definition
• 1) some organisms do not reproduce sexually
• 2) some interbreeding of species occurs

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B. Taxonomy

• 5. definition of species
• c. taxonomic definition share more recent
  common ancestor than others in genera

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C. Systematics

• 1. measurement of ancestry
• 2. anatomy
• a. single celled organisms - cell types
• 1) prokaryotic cells
• 2) eukaryotic cells
• b. multicellular organisms
• 1) type of body parts
• 2) arrangement of body parts

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C. Systematics

• 3. physiology
• a. heterotrophic or autotrophic
• b. type of heterotroph

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C. Systematics

• 4. molecular biology
• a. measure similarities in DNA or proteins
• b. genotype indicates phenotype
• c. similar sequences indicate similar ancestry

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D. Classification systems

• 1. Five kingdom classification scheme of
  Whittaker
• a. Monera
• b. Fungi
• c. Protista
• d. Animalia
• e. Plantae

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D. Classification systems

• 2. Three domain/Six Kingdom system - Woese
• a. Domain Bacteria common prokaryotes in our
  environment
• b. Domain Archaea prokaryotes that live in
  harsh environments
• c. Domain Eukarya all eukaryotic cells

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Fig. 1.12
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Characteristics-Archaea

• Live in extreme habitats
• Simple cell walls
• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular

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Characteristics- Bacteria

• Found nearly everywhere
• Complex cell walls
• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular

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Characteristics- Eukarya

• Unicellular or Multicellular
• Eukaryotic cells
• Divided into at least four kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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Kingdom Protista

• Simple organisms
• Mostly single celled, some multicellular
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic
• With and without cells walls

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular
• Photosynthetic autotrophs
• Cellulose cell walls

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Kingdom Fungi

• Most are multicellular
• Absorptive heterotrophs
• Chitin cell walls

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Kingdom Animalia

• Multicellular
• Ingestive heterotrophs
• No cell walls