Helen Keller

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Lecture 28

• Helen Keller

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Born seeingat age 1.5 blind
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Anne Sullivan the teacherGave her life to Helen
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Went to college at Radcliff

• Graduated in 4 years

Cum Laude
Wrote a book about her life
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Helen Keller "I fall, I stand still...I trudge
on, I gain a littleI get more eagerand climb
higher and begin to see the widening horizon.
Everystruggle is a victory."
-- HELEN KELLER, on
her studies at Radcliffe College
see the widening horizon
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John Macy
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"I do not want the peace which passeth
understanding, I want the understanding
which bringeth peace."
Keller with bell
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Wrote a number of essays and books for newspapers
and magazines
The highest result of education is tolerance.
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When she was 75 she went on a 40,000 mile journey
to Asia where she attempted to improve conditions
for the blind
When one door of happiness closes, another
opens but often we look so long at the closed
door that we do not see the one which has been
opened for us.
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I thank GOD for my handicaps, for through them I
have found myself, my work and my GOD'.
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Tell story of deaf and dumb girl at dental clinic
and evil stepmother
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A reporter once told Helen Keller

• It must be terrible to be blind

No, the most terrible thing in the world is to
lack vision Helen Keller
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Gen chem go to
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Turn in labs and homework
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Fill in Og 26
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Homework

• Read 302 to 309
• Do problems 1 4 page 307
• Do problems 1 - 4 page 309

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We have seen that molecules and atoms form in
precise combinations and ratios

• Law of definite composition

NaCl KI CO2 O2 FeCl3 NH4OH
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Atoms gain lose or share electrons until the
noble gas configuration is achieved

• 8 electrons in the valence shell

The shells fill
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2p6
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To a large degree the bonding that takes place is
dependent on the charge that results from the
balancing of an atom
A strong pull ripping off an electron is ionic A
weak pull shares the electron and is covalent
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The chemical equation describes how these
molecules interact to be most stable at the
lowest energy level
By the way are these compounds soluble (aq) or
insoluble (s)
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To study these reactions and measure them
quantitatively we use Factor labeling
From now on you must bring a calculator to
class I dont want to hear Do you have a
calculator
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To convert grams of a compound to moles or moles
to atoms or atoms to moles to grams we use a
technique called factor labeling the atomic
massthe mole, and Avogadro's number 6.02x1023
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Sometimes a map will help in organizing your
approach to these problems
We can go a couple steps further with factor
labeling by using the molar ratio of the chemical
equation
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Look at the molar ratio
2 1 ? 2 4 1 ? 2
This is not a gram ratio it is a molar ratio
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We can use factor labeling to find out how many
moles of product we will get 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
How many moles of water can be made from 5 moles
of H2 gas
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We can use factor labeling to find out how many
moles of product we will get 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
How many moles of O2 are necessary to react with
5 moles of H2 gas
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We can use factor labeling to find out how many
moles of product we will get 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
How many moles of water can be made from 5 moles
of O2 gas
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We can use factor labeling to find out how many
moles of product we will get 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
How many moles of H2 gas are necessary to react
with 5 moles of O2 gas
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As a map we can see how we convert moles of one
thing to moles of another by using the chemical
equation
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Sodium reacts with oxygen to create sodium oxide

• If you have 35 moles of Oxygen gas how many moles
  of sodium are necessary to have all the oxygen
  gas used

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• To create 7.4 moles of Na2O you need how many
  moles of Na

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How any moles of potassium chlorate KClO3 must
decompose in order to produce 9 moles of Oxygen
gas the other product of potassium chloride is
KCl
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Stoichiometery

• the science wherein we predict exactly how much
  mass of a substance will be involved in a
  chemical reaction.

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In order to consistently manufacture substances
storicheometric techniques must be employed

• Egyptian metallurgy

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Copper and tin alloys to make bronze around 3000BC
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Hittites of Asia Minor developed steel in 1500 BC
Scimitar Chinese Broadsword
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"Tatara" is a traditional steel making process in
Japan. It is a kind of directly refining
steelmaking method using a charcoal and an iron
sand.Famous Japanese sword (Katana) was made
with "Tama-hagane" which is a 1 carbon
steelobtained by this process.
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Toledo steel
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If you want to make 200 cookies but the recipe is
for 24 you have to convert proportionally

• Depending upon the quantity of what you start
  with you get a particular amount of product

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Grams 1 to grams 2
write out a map from where you start to where
you want to end up
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35 grams of water decomposes into how many grams
H2

• 50 moles of water has how many molecules of
  oxygen gas

2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
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To convert from one compound to another from a
chemical equation you must be in moles because
the chemical reaction is a molar ratio
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From 36 grams of O2 gas , how many grams of
Water can be made
2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
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Calculate the number of grams of sodium oxide
(Na2O) that will be produced when 5 moles of
solid sodium completely react with oxygen gas

• 4Na O2 ? 2Na2O

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We need moles to convert
Follow the map
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Calculate the numbers of moles of oxygen gas
needed to burn 1.22 moles of ammonia NH3 and then
find the number moles of nitrogen dioxide NO2
and gaseous Water produced
4NH3 7O2?4NO2 6H2O
Moles of O2 needed Moles of H2O produced

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One more useful conversion

• One mole of any gas (yes any gas) takes up a
  volume of 22.4 liters at STP Standard Temperature
  and Pressure.

What is STP Temperature is 0o C
(freezing) Pressure 1 atm
22.4 L
Why does H2 take the same room at STP as CO2
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1.75 moles of CO gas at STP how many liters

• A 35 moles of H2 gas represents how many liters
  of gas

4000 liters of O2 at STP has what mass
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• A camping lantern uses the reaction of calcium
  carbide CaC2 and water to produce acetylene gas
  C2H2 and Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. How many
  grams of water are required to produce 1.55
  liters of acetylene gas at STP?
• CaC2 2H2O ? C2H2 Ca(OH)2.

Establish a map of where you are starting and
where you are going
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How many grams of potassium chlorate KClO3 must
decompose to produce potassium chloride KCl and
1.45 moles of Oxygen gas?

• Establish a map of where you are starting and
  where you are going

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How many grams of silver can be produced by the
decomposition of 125g of Ag2S
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• How many moles of solid copper must react with
  silver nitrate AgNO3 to produce 5.5 g of solid
  silver and copper (II) nitrate Cu(NO3)2

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How many liters of oxygen gas (at STP) are
required to react completely with 14.6 grams of
solid sodium to form sodium oxide Na2O
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When 20.4 g of sodium metal are mixed with
chlorine gas are 52 g of sodium chloride produced
(NaCl)? Yes or no
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• Limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 is heated to
  produce lime, Calcium oxide CaO and carbon
  dioxide gas. How much limestone is required to
  produce 10 Kg of lime?