HOW TO AVOID A

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HOW TO AVOID A GEAR-UP LANDING
Presented By Larry Enlow Aviation Safety
Inspector Federal Aviation Administration Orland
o Flight Standards District Office
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ORLANDO FSDO-15 ACCIDENT
INCIDENT SUMMARY

• 1998 1999 2000
  2001
• TOTAL ACC. INC. 185 176 147 141
• TOTAL GEAR-UP 35 26 19 11
• TOTAL TRAINING A I 60 38 24 28
• TRAINING GEAR-UP 17 10 4
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• TNG. GEAR-UP WITH CFI 11 10 4
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WHY DO GEAR-UPS OCCUR ?

• SUPERFICIAL CAUSE
• DISTRACTION OR NO CHECKLIST
• REAL CAUSE
• INADEQUATE FLIGHT TRAINING IN RETRACTABLE
  GEAR OPERATIONS

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• DEFICIENCY IN FLIGHT TRAINING CAN BE
  RESOLVED BY MODIFYING THE INSTRUCTIONAL
  METHODS USED DURING INITIAL AND RECURRENT
  RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR TRAINING OPERATIONS
  

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• THIS PRESENTATION IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE AN
  EXTRAORDINARILY VALUABLE SET OF RETRACTABLE
  LANDING GEAR OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES THAT
  WILL PREVENT A GEAR-UP LANDING

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RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR TRAINING CONCEPTS

• PRIORITIZATION
• AIRCRAFT OPERATIONAL TASKS AND ASSOCIATED
  CHECKLIST ITEMS DONT ALL HAVE THE SAME
  VALUE
• RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANT
  PRIORITY, AND MUST BE EMPHASIZED BY CFI

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RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR TRAINING CONCEPTS

• POSITIONAL IMPRINTING
• IMPRINTING MEANS TO IMPLANT FIRMLY ON THE
  MIND OR FIX IN THE MEMORY
• POSITIONAL IMPRINTING MEANS TO FIX IN THE
  MEMORY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POINTS IN
  SPACE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND THE NEED
  TO EXTEND OR RECHECK THE LANDING GEAR IN
  THE DOWN POSITION

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
• ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN GEAR DOWN

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ABEAM THE TOUCH-DOWN POINT
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FIXED DISTANCE MARKERS
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GEAR SELECTED DOWN
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GEAR CONFIRMED DOWN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
• ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN GEAR DOWN
• BASE 2ND GEAR CHECK

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SECOND GEAR CHECK ON BASE
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THREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
• ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN GEAR DOWN
• BASE 2ND GEAR CHECK
• SHORT FINAL FINAL GEAR CHECK

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FINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN
• ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN GEAR DOWN
• BASE 2ND GEAR CHECK
• SHORT FINAL FINAL GEAR CHECK
• ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE GEAR CHECKS

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT GEAR DOWN

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GLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPT
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GLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPT
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GEAR SELECTED DOWN
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GEAR CONFIRMED DOWN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT GEAR DOWN
• 500 ABOVE DH 2ND GEAR CHECK

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THREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT GEAR DOWN
• 500 ABOVE DH 2ND GEAR CHECK
• RUNWAY IN SIGHT FINAL GEAR CHECK

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FINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT GEAR DOWN
• 500 ABOVE DH 2ND GEAR CHECK
• RUNWAY IN SIGHT FINAL GEAR CHECK
• ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE GEAR CHECKS

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• FINAL APPROACH FIX GEAR DOWN

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• FINAL APPROACH FIX GEAR DOWN
• 500 ABOVE MDA 2ND GEAR CHECK

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• FINAL APPROACH FIX GEAR DOWN
• 500 ABOVE MDA 2ND GEAR CHECK
• RUNWAY IN SIGHT FINAL GEAR CHECK

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FINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREEN
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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH
• FINAL APPROACH FIX GEAR DOWN
• 500 ABOVE MDA 2ND GEAR CHECK
• RUNWAY IN SIGHT FINAL GEAR CHECK
• ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE GEAR CHECKS

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• NON-STANDARD ARRIVALS
• VISUAL APPROACHES
• BASE ENTRIES
• STRAIGHT-IN ARRIVALS
• WHEN YOU START DOWN, PUT YOUR GEAR DOWN

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POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS TO BE
IMPRINTED

• NON-STANDARD ARRIVALS
• ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE GEAR CHECKS
• MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL
• FINAL GEAR CHECK

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FINAL GEAR CHECK
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THREE GREEN
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SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES

• WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, CONFIRM
  THAT IT GOES UP

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GEAR SELECTED UP
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SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES

• WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, CONFIRM
  THAT IT GOES UP
• WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE TASK AND
  CONFIRM GEAR IS DOWN

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GEAR SELECTED DOWN
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GEAR IN TRANSIT
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GEAR CONFIRMED DOWN
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THREE GREEN
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SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES

• WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, CONFIRM
  THAT IT GOES UP
• WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE TASK AND
  CONFIRM GEAR IS DOWN
• AFTER LANDING, CLEAR RUNWAY, STOP AIRCRAFT, THEN
  IDENTIFY AND VERIFY EACH ITEM BEFORE MOVING IT

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SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE

• THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF RETRACTABLE
  GEAR SYSTEM IS ESSENTIAL TO AVOID A GEAR-UP
• HOW DOES SYSTEM OPERATE ?
• HOW DOES WARNING SYSTEM WORK ?
• HOW IS SYSTEM PROTECTED FROM INADVERTENT
  OPERATION ON THE GROUND ?

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SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE

• HOW TO RESOLVE SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONS
• HOW TO CHANGE INDICATOR BULBS
• HOW TO MANUALLY EXTEND GEAR
• PUMP FAILURES
• ELECTRICAL FAILURES
• PARTIAL EXTENSION

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GEAR UNSAFE LANDINGS

• WHEN GEAR IS NOT CONFIRMED SAFE
• TOUCH DOWN SMOOTHLY
• DONT APPLY BRAKES
• DONT TURN OFF RUNWAY
• STOP STRAIGHT AHEAD
• EXIT AIRCRAFT DONT GET UNDER IT TO SEE
  IF GEAR IS LOCKED

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GEAR UNSAFE LANDINGS

• WHEN GEAR IS CONFIRMED UNSAFE
• FOLLOW EMERGENCY CHECKLIST
• LAND ON PAVEMENT, NOT GRASS
• TURN OFF FUEL
• TURN OFF MAGS MASTER SWITCH
• UNLATCH CABIN DOOR
• EXIT AIRCRAFT QUICKLY

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ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

• TOUCH GO LANDINGS ?
• IDENTIFY AND VERIFY
• DONT DO TOUCH GOES WITH GEAR REMAINING
  DOWN
• TRAIN FOR NORMAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS
• RIGHT SEAT TRANSITION
• CFI BE READY
• ARE YOU FIT TO FLY
• FATIGUE OR MENTAL DISTRACTIONS CAN CAUSE
  FORGETFULNESS

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SUMMARY

• APPLY
• SIGNIFICANT PRIORITY TO RETRACTABLE LANDING
  GEAR OPERATIONS

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SUMMARY

• DEVELOP AND USE POSITIONAL IMPRINTING
• APPLY SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES

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SUMMARY

• EVALUATE ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
• MAKE SURE YOURE FIT TO FLY

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THREE GREEN