Chapter 1 Computers in Your Future Template

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Chapter
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Module 1A Computer Information Literacy Module
1B A History of Computer Technology
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Computer Information Literacy

• Why study Computer Information Literacy
• What is a Computer
• Introducing Personal Computers
• Understanding What Computers do
• Type of Computers
• The World of Computer Software
• Introducing Information Systems

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Computer Information Literacy
Why Study Computer Information Literacy
Think about what youve done today, and see how
many activities you can name that involve a
computer in one way or another.
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Computer Literacy
Computer Information Literacy
Knows how to gather information, evaluate this
information, and make an informed decision
Module
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An information-literate person
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Information Literacy
Computer Information Literacy
Businesses have gone far beyond the stage of
putting computers on everyones desk. They are
now building advanced computer information
systems.
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Information Literacy
Computer Information Literacy
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• Individual responsibility has increased
• pension plan decisions
• doctors let patients decide
• managed health care decisions

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The Need for Critical Thinking
Computer Information Literacy
Information literacy requires critical thinking,
the capacity to evaluate the quality of the
information youre getting.
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What Is a Computer?
Computer Information Literacy

• electronic devices that, under a programs
  direction and control, perform four basic
  operations
• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage

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Computer Program
Computer Information Literacy
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A list of instructions, written in a programming
language, that tells the computer what to do.
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Computer System
Computer Information Literacy

• Hardware The physical components of the
  computer.
• Software The programs that run on the computer.

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Personal Computers
Computer Information Literacy
Module
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Components of a typical microcomputer system
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Understanding What Computers Do
Computer Information Literacy
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IPOS cycle input, processing, output, and
storage
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Connectivity
Computer Information Literacy
Much of whats happened in computing during the
last decade can be summed up with this one word,
connectivity. The World Wide Web (WWW) has
millions of Web sites.
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Types of Computers
Computer Information Literacy

• Computers for individuals
• Professional workstations
• Desktop computers
• Network computers (NCs)
• Notebook computers
• Subnotebooks
• Personal digital assistants (PDA) or handheld
  computer

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Types of Computers
Computer Information Literacy

• Computers for Organizations
• supercomputer
• mainframe
• minicomputer
• server

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Server
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The World of Computer Software
Computer Information Literacy

• System Software all the programs that help the
  computer function
• operating system (OS)
• Application Software all the programs you can
  use to perform a task
• productivity software
• special-purpose programs

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Computer System
Computer Information Literacy
Module
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• Hardware The physical components of the
  computer.
• Software The programs that run on the computer.

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Introducing Information Systems
Computer Information Literacy

• Information Systems
• customized hardware and software
• data central to companys mission
• trained users
• procedures

Module
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These managers are reviewing the information
system at the Memphis FedEx facility
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Information Systems
Computer Information Literacy

• Issues
• Making it happen The challenge
• Giving customers needed information
• Pushing order entry out of the enterprise
• Ensuring quality service
• Understanding technology and marketing

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A History of Computer Technology

• The First Computers
• Foundations of Modern Computing
• The First Generation
• The Second Generation
• The Third Generation
• The Fourth Generation
• A Fifth Generation
• Lessons Learned

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The First Computers
A Historical Perspective
The abacus, known to have existed in ancient
Babylonia and Egypt, remained in widespread use
in the Far East until recently.
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The First Computers
A Historical Perspective

• Jacquards Loom programmed a loom
• Babbages Folly first fully modern computer
  design
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine

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The First Computers
A Historical Perspective
Module
Augusta Ada Byron, the worlds first computer
programmer, played a key role in formulating the
notion of programming the Analytical Engine.
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The First Computers
A Historical Perspective
In 1991, the London Science Museum built the
Difference Engine using Babbage's plans, as shown
in this woodcut. It worked perfectly.
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The First Computers
A Historical Perspective

• Hollerith the Automated Census Bureau
• invented an electronic punching device
• founded Tabulating Machine Co. which became IBM

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Holleriths punched-card tabulating machines are
the predecessors of todays business machines.
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Foundations of Modern Computing
A Historical Perspective
Module
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ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly J. Presper
Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed
in time. It was mainly used to solve math
problems
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The Stored Program Concept
A Historical Perspective
Module
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The computer program, as well as the data, is
stored in the computers memory.
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The First Generation1950s
A Historical Perspective
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The first generation of computers used vacuum
tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first
generation computers did not work most of the
time.
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A Historical Perspective
Module
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Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to
the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC gained
fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner
of the 1952 U.S. presidential election.
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The First Generation
A Historical Perspective

• Features of UNIVAC
• easier to use (than ENIAC)
• fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable)
• stored program
• general-purpose
• used machine language
• IBM 701
• IBM 650

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The Second GenerationEarly1960s
A Historical Perspective
Module
The transistor heralded the second generation of
computers
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The Second Generation
A Historical Perspective

• Features and Advancements
• still use punch cards
• used printers, tape storage, disk storage
• used high-level programming languages
• COBOL FORTRAN introduced
• IBM 1401

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The Second Generation
A Historical Perspective

• Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA)
• American Standard Code for Information
  Interchange (ASCII)
• IBM System/360
• line of compatible computers
• instruction set enabled to be used for both
  business and science

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The Third Generation(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
A Historical Perspective

• Advancements and Milestones
• used timesharing
• accessed remotely by terminals
• used integrated circuits (small, medium, to
  large-scale integration) resulting in lower cost

Module
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Integrated chips
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The Third Generation
A Historical Perspective

• More Advancements and Milestones
• DECs minicomputer, the PDP-8
• many different programming languages
• IBM unbundled its systems

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A Historical Perspective

• Still More Advancements and Milestones
• Wide-area networks (WAN) developed
• ARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP)
• Local area networks (LAN) developed
• Mainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open
  architecture)

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The Fourth Generation(1975-1991)
A Historical Perspective

• Advancements and Milestones
• employed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
• developed Intel 4004, first microprocessor
• Apple Computer founded
• IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)
• IBM compatibles or clones introduced

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The Fourth Generation
A Historical Perspective
The first IBM PC was released in 1981. Intel
provided the microprocessor chip and Microsoft
Corporation provided the operating system
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The Fourth Generation
A Historical Perspective
IBM
Apple Computer
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Interfaces
Intel
Motorola
PC
Macintosh
The first GUI was developed at Xerox
Corporations Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
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A Historical Perspective
IBM
Apple Computer
Microsofts Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed
for IBM-compatible microcomputers
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Macintosh was the first commercial personal
computer to offer a user interface
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A Fifth Generation?
A Historical Perspective
Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the
fifth generation will be artificial intelligence
(AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics
of human intelligence. AI has been slow in coming.
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A Fifth Generation?
A Historical Perspective
Module
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Technologically, were still in the fourth
generation, in which engineers are pushing to see
how many transistors they can pack on chip. This
effort alone will bring some of the trappings of
AI.
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Lessons Learned
A Historical Perspective

• Purposes served by technologies cannot be
  foreseen by designers
• Developing faster hardware is easier than
  developing good software
• A company is wise to create products that conform
  to published, non-proprietary standards

Module
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