Recap%20(from%20Previous%20Lecture)

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Recap(from Previous Lecture)
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Computer Architecture

• Computer Architecture involves 3 inter-related
  components
• Instruction set architecture (ISA) The actual
  programmer-visible instruction set and serves as
  the boundary between the software and hardware.
• Organization includes the high-level aspects of
  a computers design such as The memory system,
  the bus structure, and the internal CPU unit.
• Hardware Refers to the specifics of the machine
  such as detailed logic design and packaging
  technology.

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Computer Architecture
Technology
Programming
Languages
Applications
Computer Architecture Instruction Set
Design Organization Hardware
Operating
History
Systems
Measurement Evaluation
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Three Computing Markets Today
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Desktop Computer Systems

• For General-Purpose Use
• Word-Processing, Web surfing, Multimedia, etc.
• Computation and Programming
• Whats in the box
• Microprocessor
• Memory - DRAM
• Hard disk(s), CDROM/DVD, etc.
• I/O - mouse, keyboard, video card, monitor,
  network, etc.
• Important Issues
• Optimized for price-performance
• Performance - how fast is fast enough?
• Cost
• Basic capabilities (and expandability)

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Server Computer Systems

• Large-Scale Services
• File storage
• Computation (e.g., supercomputers)
• Transaction Processing, Web
• Whats in the Box(es)
• Microprocessor(s)
• Hard disks
• Network Interface(s)
• Important issues
• Performance
• Reliability, availability
• Scalability

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Embedded Computer Systems

• Computer as part of larger system
• Consumer electronics, appliances
• Networking, telecommunications
• Automotive / aircraft control
• Whats in the box
• Microcontroller / Microprocessor / System on Chip
  (SOC)
• Memory RAM, ROM Disk
• Special-purpose I/O (including analog stuff)
• Important issues
• Cost, Power Consumption
• Performance (against real-time constraints)
• Reliability and Safety

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Trends in Computer Architectures

• Computer architectures has been advancing at a
  very fast rate
• These advances can be attributed to advances in
  technology as well as advances in computer design
• Advances in technology (e.g., microelectronics,
  VLSI, packaging, etc) have been fairly steady
• Advances in computer design (e.g., ISA, Cache,
  RAID, ILP, etc.) have a much bigger impact (This
  is the theme of this class).

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Trends in Technology

• Trends in Technology followed closely Moores Law
  Transistor density of chips doubles every
  1.5-2.0 years
• As a consequence of Moores Law
• Processor speed doubles every 1.5-2.0 years
• DRAM size doubles every 1.5-2.0 years
• Etc.
• These constitute a target that the computer
  industry aim for.

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Growth in processor performance
From Hennessy and Patterson, Computer
Architecture A Quantitative Approach, 4th
edition, October, 2006

• VAX 25/year 1978 to 1986
• RISC x86 52/year 1986 to 2002
• RISC x86 20/year 2002 to present

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Integrated Circuits Capacity
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Today VLSI Microprocessors
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Today VLSI Microprocessors
Intel Core 2 Duo 291M transistors / 2.67GHz /
65W L65nm Area143mm2
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MOOREs LAW
Processor-DRAM Memory Gap (latency)
µProc 60/yr. (2X/1.5yr)
1000
CPU
Moores Law
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Processor-Memory Performance Gap(grows 50 /
year)
Performance
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DRAM 9/yr. (2X/10 yrs)
DRAM
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We need a balanced Computer System
Computer System
Clock Period, CPI, Instruction count
Bandwidth
Capacity, Cycle Time
Capacity, Data Rate