BIOLOGICAL%20THEORIES

1
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
2
REVOLUTION 1970s - PRESENT

• FROM
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
• PERSONALITY
• EARLY LIFE
• PSYCHOTHERAPY

• TO
• BIOLOGICAL
• DISEASE
• BRAIN
• MEDICATION

3
(No Transcript)
4
HISTORY

• DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN
• MOST OF 20TH CENTURY - LIMITED TO MENTAL
  HOSPITALS (1900 - 1970)

5
UP UNTIL ABOUT 1970

• LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN OR CURES FOR M.I.
• RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
• DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS

6
EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY

• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT
  MRI PET)
• MUCH MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN
• PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

7
EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY

• INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE
• DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT
• CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL

8
CONCEPT
9
DSM-III (1980)

• REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II
• ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL
• SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES
• NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL

10
(No Transcript)
11
CAUSES
12
CAUSES

• BRAIN DISORDERS
• OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES
• EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS
• CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN

13
EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC

• PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1
• UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4
• ONE PARENT 6
• FULL SIBLING 10
• DZ 6-15
• MZ 30-40

14
BASIC PROBLEM

• FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES,
  CULTURE, ETC.
• HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL
  INFLUENCES?
• TWO MAJOR WAYS
• ADOPTION STUDIES, TWIN STUDIES

15
ADOPTION STUDIES

• GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT
  FROM ANOTHER SET
• NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY
  NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS
• COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP

16
HESTON STUDY

• 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H.
  1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH
• CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS
  ADOPTED AT BIRTH

17
HESTON (CONT.)

• 17 OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME
  SCHIZ.
• 0 OF CONTROL GROUP
• OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT
  GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)

18
ALCOHOL AND ADOPTION

• GOODWIN DENMARK
• CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR
  FOSTER PARENTS
• FOR MALES, FIND RATES OF ALCOHOLISM AS ADULTS
  COMPARABLY HIGH FOR CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED
  BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS
• INDICATES GENETIC INFLUENCES

19
GOODWIN (CONT.)

• FOR FEMALES, DAUGHTERS OF ALCOHOLIC PARENTS DO
  NOT HAVE MORE ALCOHOLISM WHEN RAISED BY NATURAL
  OR FOSTER PARENTS THAN OTHERS
• DOES NOT INDICATE GENETIC CAUSES

20
OTHER ILLNESSES

• DEPRESSION
• RATES IN ADOPTEES OFTEN RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS
  MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS
• INDICATES MORE ENVIRONMENTAL THAN GENETIC
  INFLUENCES

21
TWIN STUDIES
22
COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS

• MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100 GENES
• DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50 GENES
• RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC.
• CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES

23
DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ.

• SIBLINGS 10
• DZ 6-15
• MZ 30-40
• OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE
  MZ THAN DZ

24
LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES

• MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100
• ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE?
• EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT
  GENETIC
• PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME
  FRIENDS

25
neurochemistry
26
NEURONS
27
(No Transcript)
28
NEUROCHEMISTRY

• NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE
• NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE
  BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO
• SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS
• RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS

29
NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.)

• MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM
• MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS
• TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS
  NEUROTRANSMITTERS