Kevin Murray

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• Presented by
• Kevin Murray
• Lorelei Lam

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What is encryption?

• Plaintext is the original document to be
  transmitted or stored on a computer system
• Ciphertext is the encrypted document
• Encryption is the transfer of plaintext into
  ciphertext (Decryption is the reverse of
  encryption)

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Cryptography

• Cryptography is the practice and study of
  encryption and decryption, encoding data so that
  it can only be decoded by specific individuals. A
  system for encrypting and decrypting data is a
  cryptosystem.

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How Does Encryption Work?
Plaintext (Original Document)
Combine with keys (numbers or strings of
characters known only to the sender and/or
recipient)
Ciphertext (Encoded Document)
Use key to convert ciphertext to plaintext
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Types of Keys

• Single-key systems use the same key for both
  encryption and decryption
• Escrowed-key system is one in which a key is held
  by a third party in order to decrypt a message if
  needed

• Public-key systems use different but compatible
  keys for encrypting and decrypting a message

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Advantages of Encryption
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Advantages of Encryption
PRIVACY
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Advantages of Encryption
PRIVACY
SECURITY
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Privacy

• E-mails sometimes we want our mail to be
  private!
• People have a right to a degree of privacy in
  their lives.
• The right to privacy has been interpreted by the
  Supreme Court from the First, Fourth, and Fifth
  Amendments of the Constitution.
• Do you want the postman reading your letters??

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Security

• Online Purchasing (Ebay, Amazon, Victorias
  Secret)
• Some personal information you want kept private
  (i.e. credit card numbers, SSNs)
• Classified Files
• Reduce chances of hacker break-ins

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Disadvantages of Encryption
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Disadvantages of Encryption
Co-conspirators Osama bin Laden andBert?!
TERRORISM!
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Disadvantages of Encryption
Co-conspirators Osama bin Laden andBert?!
TERRORISM!
HATE!
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Terrorism

• Private communication between terrorists (between
  Osama bin Laden and Bert)
• More difficult for National Security Agency
• Harder to crack down on terrorists

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Hate

• Hate groups could use encryption for their own
  ends
• Encryption will make cracking down on hate groups
  more difficult

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Illegal Activities?

• In addition to hiding terrorism and hate groups,
  encryption could also encourage illegal
  activities
• Insider trading, shady business practices

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Data Encryption Standard (DES)

• adopted in 1977
• current government standard
• developed by IBM and the NSA
• uses 56-bit single-key to encrypt all sensitive
  data being stored or transmitted over computers
• original algorithm more sophisticated but key was
  shortened for national security

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Data Encryption Standard (DES)

• export of DES controlled by U.S. law, but can be
  found worldwide
• because of availability, only allowed on
  sensitive governmental data
• classified information cannot be encrypted with
  DES

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Since it is becoming increasingly easier to break
DESs encryption scheme, the U.S. government has
been looking for a new encryption scheme to
replace DES.
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Case StudyClipper Chips
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What is a Clipper Chip?

• The Clipper Chip is a device intended to protect
  private communications but it allows government
  agents to obtain the keys upon legal
  authorization
• Keys held by two government agents, would allow
  government to access private communications
• The underlying algorithm, Skipjack, developed by
  NSA

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Types of Chips

• Clipper used to encrypt voice transmissions
• Capstone used to encrypt data

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The Dilemma
If the government is given authorization, they
can obtain encrypted data transmissions.
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The Dilemma
If the government is given authorization, they
can obtain encrypted data transmissions.
Should the government have unlimited access to
encrypted data transmissions?
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The Dilemma
If the government is given authorization, they
can obtain encrypted data transmissions.
Should the government have unlimited access to
encrypted data transmissions?
Should we even use Clipper Chips?
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Professional Issues

• Does government have right to information
  transmitted by e-commerce?

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Legal/Policy Issues

• National security (in light of WTC attacks)
• Warrants (does the government need a warrant to
  decrypt encrypted private transmissions?)
• Bill of Rights (first, fourth, and fifth
  amendments)

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Amendment Rights

• First Amendment forced disclosure of documents
  providing government with key to encryption
  forces individual to disclose document they do
  not want to share
• Fourth Amendment any search of citizens must be
  conducted with a warrant by providing key,
  government free to monitor data sent by
  individuals

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Amendment Rights

• Fifth Amendment no person compelled to be
  witness against himself with keys, government
  can access transmissions with incriminating
  content against the individual sending it (Bert
  sends e-mail to Osama I killed Ernie! Sincerely
  Yours, Bert.)

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Ethical Issues

• Privacy how much personal privacy should be
  sacrificed for national security?
• Government Corruption what if the government
  decides to snoop?

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Stakeholders

• The Individual
• Government (especially NSA)
• Companies (especially e-commerce)
• Terrorists

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Possible Actions

• Not use Clipper Chips
• Use Clipper Chips
• Use Clipper Chips, but apply restrictions

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Not Using Clipper Chips

• Cons
• Easier for anyone to decrypt secure data
• Less privacy

• Pros
• Easier for NSA to monitor terrorists
• Since government does not hold keys, less chance
  of government corruption

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Not Using Clipper Chips

• Individual Rights
• Amendment rights not violated
• Government has less control over individual
  privacy

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Not Using Clipper Chips

• Common Good
• Peace of mind NSA can monitor terrorists more
  easily
• Government not intruding in personal life

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Using Clipper Chips

• Cons
• Government will hold key, could lead to
  unauthorized or shady monitoring of individuals

• Pros
• More privacy
• Less chance of hacker break-in

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Using Clipper Chips

• Individual Rights
• More secure against hackers

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Using Clipper Chips

• Common Good
• Sacrifice individual privacy for security of the
  greater community

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Clipper Chips with Restrictions

• Possible Restrictions
• Warrant or other authorization before decrypting
  secure data
• Check and balance system for chips
• Sharing decryption keys is optional

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Clipper Chips with Restrictions

• Cons
• Still possibility of governmental corruption

• Pros
• Reduced chance of government corruption
• Still can monitor terrorists

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Clipper Chips with Restrictions

• Individual Rights
• Individual has more of a say over privacy
  (options)
• Amendment Rights still protected under
  Constitution
• Less chance of hacker intrusion

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Clipper Chips with Restrictions

• Common Good
• Greater individual and community privacy
• Satisfaction among the community as a whole ?

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Final Decision

• Clipper Chips with restrictions best choice
• Individual rights still protected
• Some degree of check and balance with the
  government
• Greater security without sacrificing too much
  privacy

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but we cannot stop

• .the evil of Bert!!

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