INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN

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INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN

• Practices and Perspectives

Sara McNeil
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Common Questions

• What is instructional design?
• Why use a systematic process?
• How did instructional design begin?
• What do instructional designers do?
• What skills do instructional designers need?
• What is the salary for instructional designers?

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What is instructional design?

• Instructional Design is
• the systematic process of translating general
  principles of learning and instruction
• into plans for instructional materials and
  learning
• through a consistent and reliable method

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Other DESIGN Fields

• Architectural design
• Interior design
• Environmental design
• Software design
• Industrial design
• Graphic design
• Industrial design
• Media design
• Automotive design

• Business design
• Communication design
• Fashion design
• Furniture design
• Game design
• Garden design
• Information design
• Theatrical design
• Web design

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Why use a systematic process?

• Everyone in some way designs instruction.
• analyze the needs of the audience,
• determine the goals and objectives,
• create the instruction, and
• evaluate how it all turned out.
• But all instruction is not created equal.

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Characteristics of Instructional Design

• Learner centered
• Goal oriented
• Focuses on meaningful performance
• Measures outcomes in a valid and reliable way
• Empirical, iterative, self-correcting
• Typically a team effort

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How did instructional design begin?
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• If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book
  could be so arranged that only to him who had
  done what was directed on page one would page two
  become visible, and so on, much that now requires
  personal instruction could be managed by print.

Edward Thorndike, Education A First Book, 1912
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What do instructional designers do?

• Design Instruction

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ID Competencies

• 1980
• AECT 23 functional competencies for
  instructional development specialists
• 1981
• AECT 16 competencies considered core
  requirements
• 1986
• ibstpi added 3 years of field experience
• 2001
• ibstpi 23 instructional designer competencies

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Instructional DesignerJob Descriptions
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Jobs in Higher Education

• Work in partnership with interested faculty,
  departments, and administrators to promote
  effective teaching strategies and improve student
  learning outcomes.
• Provide expertise and guidance in a wide variety
  of instructional technology applications.
• Maintain and support multimedia and video
  editing/rendering equipment and software

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Jobs in Business and Industry

• Serve as an instructional technology advocate by
  promoting the use and support of innovative
  technologies when technology can contribute to
  the realization of institutional goals and
  initiatives,
• and
• address relevant industry issues and make
  recommendations to implement technology changes
  when appropriate. 

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What skills do instructional designers need?

• Demonstrated ability to apply principles of adult
  learning, learning styles, and various
  instructional design approaches and processes to
  the learning content.
• Ability to work effectively under pressure in a
  busy (often chaotic) and demanding information
  services environment.
• Demonstrated competence in multimedia
  authoring/production tools web development, web
  programming, web communication tools, graphic
  applications and design and database design. 

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ID Job Responsibilities
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The World Is Flat

• Types of jobs that will be in demand for a long
  time to come
• the great corroborators
• the great leveragers
• the great synthesizers
• the passionate personalizers
• the great localizers
• the green ones
• the great explainers and
• the great adapters.

Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat, 2005
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A Whole New Mind

• 6 Essential Aptitudes
• Not just function but also. DESIGN
• Not just argument but also STORY
• Not just focus but also.. SYMPHONY
• Not just logic but also.. EMPATHY
• Not just seriousness but also.. PLAY
• Not just accumulation but also MEANING

Daniel H. Pink, A Whole New Mind, 2005
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Real World Setting
Complexities and pressures
SHAPE
Role of Instructional Designers
Instructional Design Process
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Issues for Instructional Designers

• High rate of technological change
• Changing face of learners
• Changing learning contexts
• Growing responsibilities of job

• Push for increased efficiency
• Lower training budgets
• Need for globalized products
• Reduced design cycle time
• Foreign competition

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Changing Face of Learners

• In this new interactive Web world, I have become
  a nomadic learner I graze on knowledge. I find
  what I need when I need it.
• There is no linear curriculum to my learning, no
  formal structure other than the tools I use to
  connect to the people and sources that point me
  to what I need to know and learn, the same tools
  I use to then give back what I have discovered.

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Generations at Work
Retiring from the work force 63-84 years old
Middle to end work force 46-62 years old
Beginning to mid work force 26-45 years old
In K-16 education system 6-25 years old
Nexters or Millennials
Veterans or Traditionalists
Baby Boomers
Gen Xers
1922-1943 1944-1960
1961-1980 1981-2000
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Veterans or Traditionalists

• Conformity, hard work, duty, dedication and
  sacrifice, patience

Core Values
Assets
Loyal, stable, detail-oriented
Liabilities
Uncomfortable with conflict, inept with
ambiguity and change
Your experience is valued, and perseverance will
be rewarded.
Motivational Messages
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Baby Boomers

• Optimism, team orientation, work involvement,
  personal gratification

Core Values
Assets
Service-oriented, driven, team player
Liabilities
Reluctant to go against peers, overly sensitive
to feedback
Your contribution is unique and important.
Motivational Messages
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Gen Xers

• Diversity, thinking globally, technoliteracy,
  fun, informality

Core Values
Assets
Adaptable, independent, creative
Liabilities
Impatient, poor people skills, cynical,
inexperienced
There are not a lot of rules here. Do it your
way.
Motivational Messages
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Nexters or Millennials

• Civic duty, achievement, confidence, sociability,
  morality

Core Values
Assets
Tenacity, multi-tasking, tenacity
Liabilities
Need for supervision and structure
Youll be working with other bright, creative
people.
Motivational Messages
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What happens when we can learn anything,
anywhere, anytime?
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What happens when learners can create the content?
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What happens when communication is easy?

• "To blog or not to blog? For a lot of senior
  executives these days, that is the question. The
  answer, simply enough, is to blog. No better
  opportunity exists to engage in an open dialogue
  and exchange of ideas with customers and
  potential customers."

Bob Lutz of General Motors
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What happens when we give learners new tools?
Students today depend on paper too much. They
dont know how to write on a slate without
getting chalk dust all over themselves. They
cant clean a slate properly. What will they
do when they run out of paper? 1815
Principals Association Conference
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What happens when we give learners new tools?
Students today depend upon store bought ink.
They dont know how to make their own. When they
run out of ink they will be unable to write words
or ciphers until their next trip to the
settlement. This is a sad commentary on modern
education. 1928 The Rural American Teacher
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What happens when we give learners new tools?
Students today depend on these expensive
fountain pens. They can no longer write with a
straight pen and nib. We parents must not allow
them to wallow in such luxury. 1941 Parent
Teacher Association Gazette
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What happens to us?