ECOLOGY interactions between livingliving and livingnonliving

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CHAPTER 3

• ECOLOGY interactions between living-living and
  living-nonliving
• studied at all levels 3 basic methods
  --observations, experiments, models
• IMPORTANCE study in order to understand many of
  issues confronting humans today

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The Biosphere -
The portion of Earth that supports living things
1. Air
2. Land

• Water
• a. fresh
• b. salt

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Levels of Organization
In order for Ecologists to study an environment
completely, it is beneficial to break up entire
scheme of organization down into distinct levels
1. species
2. populations
3. communities
4. ecosystems
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1. species
Jase Logan Robinson
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2. populations a group of organisms, all of the
same species, which interbreed and live in the
same area at the same time
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3. communities a biological community is made up
of interacting populations in a certain area at a
certain time.
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4. ecosystems are made up of interacting
populations in a biological community and the
communitys abiotic factors.
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Biome group of ecosystems that have the same
climate and similar dominant communities
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LEVELS OR ORGANIZATION
BIOSPHERE
ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITIES
POPULATIONS
SPECIES
ORGANISM
ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEM
TISSUES CELLS
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ECOLOGICAL METHODS

• OBSERVING
• WHAT DO YOU SEE?

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ECOLOGICAL METHODS

• EXPERIMENTING

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ECOLOGICAL METHODS

• MODELING

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EXPLORING ECOLOGY FROM SPACE

• NASAS SEA VIEWING WIDE FIELD-OF-VIEW SENSOR
• WHAT IS THIS ABOUT?
• PAGE 66

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RAIN FOREST DESTRUCTION

• USE OF SATELLITE IMAGES

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CHAPTER 3

• SUN ultimate energy source for all life
• PRIMARY PRODUCER use sunlight to convert water
  and carbon dioxide into living tissue
• AUTOTROPH self feeder, same as producer

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CHAPTER 3

• PHOTOAUTOTROPH plants get energy from sun
• CHEMOAUTOTROPH some bacteria get energy from
  certain chemicals

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CHAPTER 3

• CONSUMERS organisms that are not producers eat
  other organisms
• HETEROTROPH other feeder
• Examples herbivores (plants) carnivores
  (animals) omnivores (plants and animals)
  parasites (living host) decomposer (break down
  organic matter) detritivores (dead animal and
  plant remains called detritus

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CHAPTER 3

• PRIMARY CONSUMERS eat plant material
• SECONDARY CONSUMERS eat animals that eat plants
• TERTIARY CONSUMERS eat animals that are
  carnivores

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CHAPTER 13 13.2

• TROPHIC LEVELS
• feeding levels -amount of available energy
  decreases every level as you go up
• only 10 of the energy of a level is able to be
  used by the next level most energy is used up by
  life processes

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CHAPTER 3

• Some of the energy is lost as waste (the
  animals cannot use it)
• Ecological pyramids shows the energy flow as
  you move up through the trophic levels

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CHAPTER 3

• 3 ways
• Energy pyramid
• Number pyramid
• Biomass pyramid

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PYRAMID OF ENERGY
CARNIVORE
CARNIVORE
HERBIVORE
PRIMARY PRODUCERS
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
1 LIZARD
200 GRASSHOPPERS
ONE MILLION RYE PLANTS
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PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
2 G OF HUMAN TISSUE
200 G OF INSECTS
30 KG OF PLANT LEAVES
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FOOD CHAIN

• ONE WAY ENERGY FLOW

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FOOD WEB
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CHAPTER 3.3
What is the best type of fish to order at a
restaurant?
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CHAPTER 3.3
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF HUMAN ACTION THAT DAMAGE OUR
BIOSPHERE?

• Examples overpopulation, pollution, global
  warming, extinction, natural disaster (floods,
  volcano, drought)
• Interdependence great between all living
  organisms basic level is need for nutrients
  and energy

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HOW DO NUTRIENTS FLOW THROUGH THE BIOSPHERE?

• NUTRIENTS what an organism uses to make more of
  itself ? to grow chemical building blocks of
  life
• AUTOTROPHS need carbon dioxide (from air)
  water (from ground) nitrogen, phosphorus,
  potassium (from soil) iron, magnesium (trace
  amounts from soil)

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CHAPTER 3.3

• HETEROTROPHS eat other organisms, then break
  down food into small units put them back
  together into self tissue (or use energy)
• SUN ultimate energy for life comes from the sun

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CHAPTER 3.3

• NUTRIENT CYCLES -- show how our limited amount
  of nutrients on earth are passed from one
  organism to the next
• LIMITATIONS of nutrients can effect ecosystem
  productivity life slowed with a limited amount
  of a nutrient

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CHAPTER 3.3

• FERTILIZER -- farmers use to get around nutrient
  limitations
• POLLUTION -- can upset nutrient amounts and
  effect life in an ecosystem see page 296

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CHAPTER 13 13.3

• Water taken in by organisms, given off by
  organisms evaporation precipitation by plants
  (transpiration) root uptake water flow from
  land to moving water (runoff)
• Carbon taken in by autotrophs in form of carbon
  dioxide (photosynthesis) given off by
  heterotrophs (by respiration) released from
  burning fossil fuels (combustion) released from
  dead organisms (decomposition)

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WATER CYCLE
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CARBON CYCLE
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CHAPTER 3.3

• Nitrogen makes up 80 of air but is not
  available to most organisms
• Nitrogen fixation certain bacteria can use
  nitrogen(N2) from air (free nitrogen) and convert
  it into ammonium (NH4) and nitrite (NO3) in soil
  so plants can use it

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CHAPTER 3.3

• Nitrogen fixation lightning and some industrial
  processes can fix nitrogen too
• Organisms bodies and wastes put nitrogen into
  soil (excretion) bacteria and fungi break down
  dead organisms (decomposition)
• Denitrification some bacteria convert nitrites
  into free nitrogen

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NITOGEN CYCLE
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CHAPTER 3.3

• PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
• Part of important molecules such as DNA and RNA
• Not common it does NOT enter atmosphere
• Remains mostly in rock, soil minerals, and ocean
  sediments
• Plants take up phosphates from soil or water and
  enters food web from producers to consumers

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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE