YiHsiu Jack Lin

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Yi-Hsiu Jack Lin

• March 13, 2007

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Aviation

• Fuels for Aviation

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Forecast

• What is the possibility of a fuel-efficient jet?

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Forecast

• In theory, yes!
• HOWEVER

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Forecast

• Aviation Fuels

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Outline

• Introduce aviation fuel

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Types of Jet Fuels

• JP-1 (Jet Propulsion)
• JP-2
• JP-3
• JP-4 (U.S. Air Force fuel)
• JP-5 (U.S. Navy fuel)   
• JP-6
• JPTS
• JP-7
• JP-8 (U.S. Air Force fuel) 
• JP-8100

• Jet A/Jet A-1
• TS-1
• Jet B (Canada and Alaska)

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Jet A/ Jet A-1

• Jet A is used in U.S.
• Jet A-1 has a lower maximum freezing point than
  Jet A (Jet A 40ºC, Jet A-1 47ºC)
• Jet A-1 more suitable for long international
  flights

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Fuel Consumption

• in U.S. it went from 32 million galloon per day
  in 1974 to 70 million galloon per day in 1999.
• Which means
• It had doubled in 25 years, quarter century.
• U.S. uses 42

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Fuel Refining

• jet fuels are made from petroleum

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Fuel Refining-1

• What is it?
• Process of converting crud petroleum/oil into
  products that can be used.
• Gasoline
• Jet fuel
• Heating fuel
• Wax
• Lubricating oil

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Fuel Refining-2

• Separation (distillation)
• Upgrading (sweetening)
• Conversion (catalytic cracking)

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Fuel Refining-3.1

• Distillation is most widely used method for
  separation.
• Petroleum products are defined by their boiling
  range (light and heavy).
• vaporize ? overhead condenser ? collected

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Fuel Refining-3.2

• Sweetening removes sulfur-containing compounds
  called mercaptans from jet fuel
• Mercaptans corrosive, foul smell
• One way converte them to disulfides

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Fuel Refining-3.3

• Hydrocracking is a major conversion process
• change the molecular structure of the originals
• "crack" large molecules into small ones

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Fuel Tank
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Fuel Distribution

• Pipeline (refinery to near airport)
• Distributed
• a large multi-product pipeline
• Ship
• Railroad tank car
• Tanker truck

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Pipelines
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Storage Tank

• minimize the effects of particulate and water
  contamination
• a low point on the bottom
• tanks also use floating suction to draw fuel

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Contamination

• aviation fuel will spend time in storage tanks
  and also be transferred
• Contamination every time its transferred
• Particulate matter and water
• solid corrosion products

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Cleanup

• Filtration (remove particulate matter )
• Salt drier (remove water)

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Filtration
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Salt Drier

• Sodium chloride (sometimes calcium chloride)
• Free water combines with salt to form brine

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Summary

• Types of jet fuel
• JP, Jet A/Jet A-1
• Fuel consumption
• Fuel Refining
• Separation, Upgrading, and Conversion
• Fuel Distribution
• Pipeline
• Storage tank
• Contamination
• Cleanup
• Filtration and Salt Drier

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The End

• Yi-Hsiu Jack Lin