Unit 5 Notes

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Unit 5 Notes

• Monerans

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Monerans

• Main organisms in this kingdom are (bacteria)
• They are the most numerous organisms on Earth

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Monerans

• Classified as monerans because they are
  prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes no nucleus
• do not have a nucleus
• do not have membrane-bound organelles

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Characteristics

• Have a cell membrane
• Have ribosomes
• Single celled (unicellular) organisms

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Bacterial Cell
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The Organelles

• Cytoplasm
• Nucleoid
• Flagella
• Pili

• Ribosomes
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Capsule

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The Organelles

• Nucleoid the genetic material (DNA) is freely
  sitting in the cytoplasm (it is not the nucleus)
• Pili use for attachment, it is how bacteria
  hold onto objects

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The Organelles

• Capsule a protective covering found on the
  outside of the cell wall

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Types of Monerans

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria

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Archaebacteria

• Group of monerans that live in harsh environments
  
• archea- means ( ancient )
• Called this because they probably resemble first
  forms of life on Earth

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Groups of Archaebacteria

• Methanogens
• Thermoacidophiles
• Chemosynthesizers
• Extreme halophiles

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Methanogens

• Produce methane gas- swamp gas
• Used to break down sewage

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Thermoacidophiles

• Live in hot, acidic waters
• Hot springs of Yellowstone National Park

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Chemosynthesizers

• Use inorganic compounds for energy
• Found around hot springs near volcanic vents in
  the oceans

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Extreme Halophiles

• Live in extremely salty conditions
• Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea

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Eubacteria

• Most common bacteria
• eu- means (true)
• Referred to as the true bacteria

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Groups of Eubacteria

• Gram-positive bacteria
• Gram negative bacteria
• Cyanobacteria

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Gram Positive Bacteria

• Have protein-sugar walls that turn purple with
  gram staining
• Used to make yogurt - lactobacillus
• Used to make antibiotics - actinomycetes
• Can caused diseases like botulism tetanus

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Gram Positive Bacteria
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Gram Negative Bacteria

• Have a sugar-lipid layer that turns red (pink)
  with gram staining
• Resistant to antibiotics (hard to kill using
  antibiotics)
• Used to turn nitrogen in the soil into ammonia
• rhizobacteria

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Gram Negative Bacteria
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Cyanobacteria

• Gram-negative
• Perform photosynthesis
• First habitants after volcanic eruptions

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Cyanobacteria
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Shapes of Bacteria

• Round
• Spiral
• Rod

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Cocci - sphere-shaped - sometimes grow in chains
  or clumps
• Streptococcus (strep throat)
• Staphylococcus (staph gangrene)

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Cocci

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Bacilli - rod-shaped
• Usually forms chains
• Have flagella at times to make them mobile
• E.coli (found in animal intestines)
• Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever food poisoning)

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Bacilli

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Spirilla - spiral shaped
• Move by twisting themselves like a corkscrew
• Treponema pallidumcholera (syphilis)
• Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Spirilla

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Bacteria Can Exists

• As a single
• As a chain - called strepto
• As a cluster - staphylo

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Chains Strepto
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Clusters Staphylo
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Metabolism - how monerans make energy
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How Bacteria Get Energy?

• Heterotrophs - take in food to make energy by
  (cellular respiration)
• Autotrophs - make their own food by the process
  of (photosynthesis)

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How Bacteria Get Energy?

• Chemoautotrophs - get energy from inorganic
  chemicals
• Photoheterotrophs - use sunlight for energy, and
  break organic compounds for carbon

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Reproduction

• Binary Fission - is similar to the process of
  (mitosis) one type of cell division
• This method is a type of (asexual) reproduction
  and produces (clones)

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Reproduction
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Reproduction

• Conjugation - exchange DNA through cell-to-cell
  contact
• Bacteria attach to each other through their pili
  form a bridge of cytoplasm and exchange genetic
  material

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Reproduction
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Reproduction
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Bacteria can be very helpful and very harmful
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Helpful Ways

• Decompose dead matter
• Make vitamin K in your intestines
• Helps cows digest grass

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Helpful Ways

• Make antibiotics
• Produce human insulin
• Make foods like sour cream, yogurt, sauerkraut

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Harmful Ways

• Some bacteria are pathogens
• Pathogen - an organism that causes a disease
• Some examples of diseases include strep throat,
  tuberculosis, and gonorrhea.

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Review
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Unit 5 Notes

• Monerans