Protocol Suites TCPIP

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Protocol Suites - TCP/IP

• Host source or recipient of data
• IP is the heart
• Routing
• Transport
• Sessions
• Ports
• Name resolution
• Domain Names
• TCP/IP Utilities

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IP Addresses

• IP address logical address
• 4 bytes, 32 bits
• 1st 4 bits of address determine address class
• 0000xxxx 1-126 Class A
• 1000xxxx 127-191 Class B
• 1100xxxx 192-223 Class C
• 1110xxxx 224-239 Class D
• 1111xxxx 239-255 Class E

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Numbers
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Subnet masking

• A bit in the subnet mask equal to 1 means the
  corresponding bit in the IP address belongs to
  either the net or subnet part of the IP address
• Class A 255.0.0.0
• Class B 255.255.0.0
• Class C 255.255.255.0
• Possible hosts
• A 256256256-2 host ids (16.7 million)
• B 256256 -2 host ids (65,534)
• C 254 host ids
• Host Ids gt1

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Special IP Addresses

• 127.0.0.1 loopback

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Node settings

• IP Address
• Static
• Dynamic - DHCP
• Subnet Mask
• Default Gateway (address of a router)

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Routing

• Examine each packet
• Determine destination network
• Static manually enter a route to next router in
  internetwork
• Dynamic learning protocols
• RIP router information protocol
• OSPF open shortest path first
• EGP exterior gateway
• BGP border gateway

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Transport Layer

• TCP
• Transmission Control
• Connection oriented
• Interactive apps
• UDP
• User Datagram
• Connectionless
• Not time critical

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Sessions Ports

• Sockets
• IP port
• Standardized for applications
• HTTP (80
• FTP(20,21)
• TFTP(69)
• SMTP(25)
• POP3(110)
• SNMP(161)
• Telnet(23)
• http//www.pcurtis.com/rem_pop.htm

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Misc

• Proxy Servers
• Firewalls
• Routers as Firewalls

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Name Resolution

• DNS (Domain name service)
• Names lt gt IP addresses
• Hierarchical name space
• TLDs
• .com .org .edu..
• Subdomains wwu.edu
• Computer names www.cbe.wwu.edu
• DNS Root Servers
• Hosts file
• WINS (Windows only!internet name service)

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NetBIOS Apps WINS

• NetBIOS cannot use DNS
• WINS client registration
• Name IP address
• (both unique)
• Interrupted by router
• LMHOSTS local table of ipnetBIOS
• Uniqueness not guaranteed

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Configuring IP

• Static
• DHCP
• IPCONFIG
• Winipcfg

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TCP/IP Utilities

• Ping
• Traceroute or tracert
• Arp
• Netstat
• Nbtstat (NetBIOS names)
• Many more.

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Ping
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pinging
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Tracert
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Arp protocol

• Short for Address Resolution Protocol, a TCP/IP
  protocol used to convert an IP address into a
  physical address (called a DLC address), such as
  an Ethernet address. A host wishing to obtain a
  physical address broadcasts an ARP request onto
  the TCP/IP network. The host on the network that
  has the IP address in the request then replies
  with its physical hardware address.
• There is also Reverse ARP (RARP) which can be
  used by a host to discover its IP address. In
  this case, the host broadcasts its physical
  address and a RARP server replies with the host's
  IP address.
• Webopedia.com

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Arp functions
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Arp
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Netstat functions
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Netstat r
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Netstat n
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Netstat a
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Netstat -e
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nbtstat functions http//www.zdnet.co.uk/news/spe
cials/2000/10/enterprise/techrepublic/2002/02/arti
cle002.html