Wastewater Reclamation, Recycling and Reuse

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THE ROLE OF WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE IN WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Takashi Asano Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering University of
California, Davis
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The Role of Water Reuse - 1

• Concept of sustainable water resources
• Water resources development-California as an
  example
• Drought and dependable water supply
• Water recycling and reuse as an innovative water
  resource

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The Role of Water Reuse - 2

• Seven categories of water reuse - examples
• Treatment technologies and process reliability
• How safe is water reuse?
• Future perspectives - all living species in
  harmony

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1995, by Ray Sterner, Johns Hopkins University
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Benefit of Water Reuse

• Important element of integrated water resources
  management
• Treated effluent is used as a water resource for
  beneficial purposes
• The wastewater is kept out of streams, lakes, and
  beaches thus reducing pollution of surface water
  and groundwater

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Historic Development

• 1890 Mexico City - Drainage canals built to
  irrigate crops
• 1912 Golden Gate Park - watering lawns/ponds
• 1926 Grand Canyon National Park - toilet flushing
• 1942 Bethlehem Steel Co. Baltimore - metals
  cooling
• 1961 Irvine Ranch Water District - urban
  irrigation
• 1969 Windhoek, Namibia - augmentation of potable
  water
• 1969 Wagga Wagga, Australia - landscape
  irrigation
• 1977 Dan Region Project, Israel - recharge/ag.
  water
• 1984 Tokyo Metro Government Japan - toilet
  flushing
• 1989 Costa Brava, Spain - golf course irrigation

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Categories of Reuse

• 1. Agricultural Irrigation
• 2. Landscape Irrigation
• 3. Industrial Reuse
• 4. Groundwater Recharge
• 5. Recreational and Environmental
• 6. Nonpotable Urban Reuses
• 7. Potable Reuse

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Orange County Water Factory 21
Granular Activated Carbon
Chlorine Disinfection
Deep Well Injection
Lime Clarification
Recarbon-ation
Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Aquifer Recharge
Since 1976 (21 years of operation) 21 million M3/
yr (15 mgd) No more than 5 of the reclaimed
water actually comprises the domestic supply No
observed water quality degradation that
constitutes a public health concern
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How safe is water reuse?

• ? Acceptable health risks debate
• Absolute risk vs. relative risk
• ? Microbiological risk assessment
• Enteric virus control by treatment technologies
• Regulatory oversight
• ? Chemical exposure risk assessment

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Everything is Toxic and Hazardous
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Adapted from Du Pont PERMASEP Permeators
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