What makes a civilization

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What makes a civilization?
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7 traits 

• Cities serve as administrative centers
• Specialized workers (non food gathering)
• Permanent records- Arts Science develop
• Political institutions controlled a certain
  area
• Monumental building- temples, statues, cities
• Status distinctions (based on wealth)- upper and
  lower classes
• Long distance trade- CULTURAL DIFFUSION

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Cities

•   Population size alone does not make a village
  into a city. 
• center for trade for a larger area.  Farmers,
  merchants and traders brought goods to market in
  the cities. 
• The city dwellers themselves produced a variety
  of goods for exchange, including pots, tools and
  jewelry.

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Political Institutions

• A city and its agricultural surrounding
  land/villages became known as city/states
• Secular leaders grew in power, begin to absorb
  others and create fledging empires

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Specialized Workers

• Specialized workers are people who are skilled at
  a job (potters, weavers, metal workers, traders,
  etc). 
•   As peoples skills improved in hunting and
  gathering and in herding and raising crops, less
  time and fewer people needed to provide food. 
  Farmers could produce a surplus, or more than was
  needed.  They could trade that extra food to a
  potter for a clay pot or a scribe to write a
  letter.  This ability to raise a surplus of food
  was the key that freed some people to do
  specialized jobs.

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Writing

• Priests needed some way of keeping track of the
  grain and other merchandise that moved in and out
  of the temple storehouses. 
• Merchants needed accounts of debts and payments. 
  The first written symbols, therefore, stood for
  commonly traded objects. 
• Soon ideas became associated with certain
  pictures.  For example, a house might also stand
  for the idea of protection and safety
  (ideograms).  Later, signs came to stand for
  certain sounds. 
• By putting groups of signs together, scribes
  (professional writers) could begin to make
  sentences and express many ideas.

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Advanced Technology

• Any specialized knowledge that is used to
  transform the natural environment and human
  society more than just tools, i.e. writing
• With the plow a farmer could raise more crops
  creating a surplus that cities needed. 
• The wheel and the sailboat vastly improved
  transportation which led to trade with other
  groups of people. 
• The Sumerians began working with bronze which is
  a mixture of tin and copper allowed metalworkers
  to create spearheads by the thousands as well as
  making countless other tools.

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Status Distinctions 

• Abundance in agriculture allowed for some to
  acquire wealth
• With increased trade and specialized labor cities
  grew and distinctions of social classes become
  apparent along lines of wealth

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Long Distance Trade

• Stimulated economies as well as supplies cities
  with goods not naturally found there
• Mesopotamia had little resources (wood, stone,
  metal) needed to trade with others to supply
  these (or CONQUER other places!) 

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Civilization happens but why?

• Search for order- agricultural societies needed
  political authorities to settle disputes among
  individual or groups
• Provide that which one could not provide for
  themselves
• Food, security, etc

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Mesopotamialand between two rivers
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Sumerians
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Physical Setting- Geography

• Tigris and Euphrates -rivers flood yearly
• Grassland
• Wandering herds
• Rough Lifestyle- Warlike people

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• Where- Southern Mesopotamia
• Government- City State Major cities-Ur, Uruk,
  and Kish
• Theocracy
• Social Class
• Nobles, Priests, and Government Officials
• Merchants
• Peasants and Slaves

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WritingCuneiform
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Accomplishments

• Arch
• Ramps
• Sewer System
• Ziggurat- Layered temples, Shrine to citys god
  at top
• Wheel (3200 BC)
• 12 month calendar

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Religion

• Polytheistic- Many gods
• a. gods and goddesses based upon natural
  elements
• b. Afterlife- no reward such as heaven- separate
  region dead had to be buried with treasures or
  they would come back to haunt the living

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• Akkadians
• 2400 B.C., Akkadians conquer Sumerians
• Semitic Language-derived from Noah
• Sargon of Akkad established first empire

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Babylonians

• 1792 B.C. Hammurabi comes to
• power
• Hammurabi est. strict law code
• Code had 282 laws covered all
• aspects of life harsh
• punishments could be altered
• with money

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Eye for an eye
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• Traded all over (Egypt India)
• Three social classes
• Men could sell family himself to pay debts
• Religion performed sacrifices to gods
  Afterlife was land of no return

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Egyptian Civilization

• Writing system of hieroglyphics
• Wrote on papyrus
• 4 social classes
• Pharaoh/ Nobles
• Merchants/
• Artisans
• Peasants
• Slaves

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United Kingdom

• Menes unites upper and lower Egypt

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• Old Kingdom
• 27002181 b.c.
• Society of upper lower-classUpper pharaohs,
  royals, priestsLower all the rest

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Egyptian Religion

• Polytheistic
• Mummification- preservation of the body Ka-
  persons spiritual body Ba- Soul, spirit and
  mind of the deceased

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Government

• Dynasty- Rule by a family
• Pharaoh Great House- title of
• the Egyptian monarchs
• Bureaucracy- Type of Government
• Vizier- Official in charge of the government

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• New Kingdom
• 1550 1085 B.C.
• Amenhotep IV makes social religious changes
  (changes
• to monotheism)
• Tutankhamen returns to old ways

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• Middle Kingdom
• 2000-1780 B.C.
• Powerful pharaohs reunite Egypt-rivalries,
  conflicts, of power destroyed kingdom
• Hyksos invade

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• Late Period
• Decline fall of Egyptian
• Empire

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Accomplishments

• Architecture Arts
• - Sphinx
• 4500 years old
• Sun God
• - Pyramids
• - Temples

Science Math -lunar calendar - Dog Star
12 month calendar - number system -
geometry - medicine
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Hittites

• 1600 B.C., conquered T-E valley
• Used iron weapons
• Law system considered pre-meditation
• Unable to control Babylon

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Assyrians

• 900 B.C., overwhelmed Mesopotamia
• Used cavalry battering rams
• Killed p.o.w.s enslaved conquered people
• Deported slaves replaced them w/Assyrians
• Built roads est. postal system

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• Territorial governors levied taxes
• used mercenaries in armies
• Effective model for governing an empire

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Chaldeans

• 612 B.C., conquered Assyrians
• Nebuchadnezzar ruled from Babylon
• Built Hanging Gardens
• (7 wonders of ancient world)

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Phoenicians

• Government- City state- monarchy
• Trading Economy- Murex
• Writing- 22 characters or letters
• The_Phoenicians.asf

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Hebrews (1200-1000 B.C.)

• Semitic language
• Ancestors to the Jewish peoples
• Abraham founder-settled in area of Palestine-
  Monotheistic (Yahweh)
• Movement- Palestine Egypt (enslaved)
  Moses Israel
• Government-Monarchy 12 tribes

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Religion- Judaism

• Old testament- 39 books that tells the creation
  of the world and beliefs for over 1000 years
• Mosaic Laws- first 5 books (ethical Monotheism)
• Emphasis on self- restraint
• Importance of family
• Reflects belief that all people deserve kindness

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Gifts Of Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt

• Irrigation and drainage canals
• Standardized written laws
• Copper, bronze, and iron metals
• Cuneiform and hieroglyphic writing
• Counting by 60, geometry, and algebra
• Womens rights
• Government regulation of trade
• Astronomy

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GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river
valley civilizations.
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Indus River Harappa/Mohenjo Daro
Unique alphabet/art - Harappan alphabet not
deciphered Invasion plus invasion by
Indo-Europeans difficult to understand culture
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• Excavations at the ancient Harappan and
  Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned cities
  and towns built on massive mud brick platforms
  that protected the inhabitants against seasonal
  floods. In the larger cities the houses were
  built of baked brick while at smaller towns most
  houses were built of sun-dried mud brick. Each
  city is laid out in a grid pattern and shows
  signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems.

Much writing has been found at these sites, but
it has not yet been translated.
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Huanghe (Yellow River)

• a. Isolated, little overland trading
• b. History part fact/fiction
• c. State organized irrigation
• d. Elaborate intellectual life
• 1. Writing knotted ropes, scratches of lines,
  ideographic symbols
• 2. Delicate art, musical interest
• 3. Limited materials basic housing

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1. Defeating military rivals, leader gains control
Dynastic Cycle
2. Right to rule becomes hereditary
5. Chaos and Rebellion
3. Period of Internal Peace
4. Period of Regression
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Shang China
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Shang Dynasty

• Government- hereditary King gave
• land to his follower in exchange for loyalty
• Mandate of Heaven- Gods gave right to rule
• Culture- Agriculturally basedsilk worms
• Religion- Animism (Dragon) Oracle Bones (used
  to foretell the future)
• Fall- King obsessed with alcohol soldier farmers
  took over

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Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations

• Accomplishments
• a. Monuments
• b. Wheel
• c. Taming of horse
• d. Square roots
• e. Monarchies/bureaucracies
• f. Calendars/time
• g. Major alphabets

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How much are these civilizations origin of today

• a. Except for China, all have a break from past
• b. Roman empire god-like king
• c. Slavery
• d. Scientific achievements Greeks studied
  Egyptians

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East vs. West

• a. Mesopotamians gap between humankind and
  nature
• b. China basic harmony all live together
• c. Temple building, art, architecture
  Mesopotamia to Middle East/Greece

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The First Civilizations

• Clear division between river valley civilizations
  and classical civilizations
• a. Invasion/natural calamities India
• b. Invasion/political decline Egypt
• c. Mesopotamia break but bridges smaller
  cultures

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• 1. Values and institutions spread
• 2. Theme emerges Steadily proliferating
  contacts against a background of often fierce
  local identity
• 3. Integrating force
• a. Local autonomy lessens priests/kings
  increase power
• 4. Four centers of civilization started
• 5. Close neighbors Egypt/Mesopotamia
  different politics, art, beliefs on death
• 6. Diversity and civilization worked together