Artificial Intelligence

1
Artificial Intelligence

• Definitions
• The Turing Test
• Examples Expert Systems
• Weather Forecasting
• Games
• Examples Natural Language Processing
• Translation
• Eliza Program

2
Artificial Intelligence

• What is Artificial?
• artificial \'är-t-"fi-shl\ adj 1 produced
  by art rather than nature also made by humans
  to imitate nature 2 not genuine feigned
• What is Intelligence?
• intelligence \in-"te-l-jns\ n 1 ability to
  learn and understand or to deal with new or
  trying situations 2 mental acuteness

3
Artificial Intelligence

• Two difficult challenges
• Prove to me that you are intelligent!
• Prove that the computer is not intelligent!
• Alan Turing proposed an answer with the Turing
  test (he called it the imitation game)
• An interrogator communicates with a computer and
  a human via something like email
• Interrogator must determine from the answers
  which one is the human and which one is the
  computer

4
Artificial Intelligence

• Sample Turing Test Dialog
• Q Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the
  Forth Bridge.
• A Count me out on this one. I never could write
  poetry.
• Q Add 34957 to 70764.
• A (after about 30 seconds) 105621.
• Q Do you play Chess?
• A Yes.
• Q I have K at my K1 and no other pieces. You
  have K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What
  do you play?
• A (after about 15 seconds) R-R8 mate.

5
Artificial Intelligence

• There are a number of other definitions
• Marvin Minsky says that AI is the science of
  making machines do things that would require
  intelligence if done by man (or woman).
• Patrick Hayes says that it is the study of
  intelligence as computation.
• Tessler defined AI as whatever hasnt been done
  yet. (We dismiss any behavior that can be
  simulated by a computer as unintelligent.)

6
Expert Systems

• Rules-based Algorithms
• Identify experts on the subject
• Acquire their knowledge via dialogs
• Codify the knowledge into a rules base
• Build a machine that operates on the rules base
• Potential Applications
• Weather Forecasting
• Playing Games
• Medical Diagnosis????

7
Expert Systems

• Weather Forecasting Rules Base
• If Grannys bunions ache, predict rain
• If barometer is rising, predict clearing
• If its raining AND barometer is rising, predict
  sun
• If its sunny AND barometer is falling, predict
  rain
• If local forecaster predicts rain, predict sun

8
Expert Systems

• Tic-Tac-Toe

If computer moves first
X
X
X
If computer moves second
X
O
O
X
O
X
X
O
9
Expert Systems

• Traversing a Maze (Wall following algorithm)
• Works for either right or left wall

In
Out
10
Natural Language Processing

• English to Russian translating computer
• The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
  became
• The vodka is acceptable, but the meat has
  spoiled.
• Ron lies asleep in his bed.
• For people, lies means reclines not
  deceives
• For a computer, ????
• The clams are ready to eat.
• For people, the clams are ready to be eaten
  by us.
• For a computer, the clams may be ready to eat
  because its their dinnertime and they are
  hungry.

11
Natural Language Processing

• Eliza Program (developed in the mid-1960s)
• Like its namesake in George Bernard Shaws
  Pygmalion (or more popular My Fair Lady)
• Eliza programs conversations were based on a
  script a set of rules largely like those that
  might be given to an actor who is to use them to
  improvise around a certain theme.
• Best known incarnation as a psychotherapist!

12
Sample Eliza Program Dialog

• Patient Men are all alike
• Eliza IN WHAT WAY?
• P Theyre always bugging us about something or
  other.
• E CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE?
• P Well, my boyfriend made me come here.
• E YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE.
• P He says Im depressed much of the time.
• E I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DEPRESSED.
• P Its true. I am unhappy.
• E DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP?

13
Sample Eliza Program Dialog

• P I need some help, that much seems certain.
• E WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO YOU IF YOU GOT HELP?
• P Perhaps, I could get along with my mother.
• E TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY.
• P My mother takes care of me.
• E WHO ELSE IN YOUR FAMILIY TAKES CARE OF YOU?
• P My father.
• E YOUR FATHER?
• P You are like my father in some ways.
• E WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE?

14
Eliza Program

• Urban Legend
• A secretary in a software research lab where they
  were experimenting with an Eliza program, went
  into the lab during lunch hour and started
  talking to the Eliza program which had been left
  running on a console there.
• She was found at the end of lunch hour with her
  head down on the console - sobbing and beating
  her breast.
• There were several yards of printout showing that
  she had poured out her soul in response to the
  machines questions.
• Does that mean that Eliza passed the Turing test?

15
Artificial Intelligence

• Do you think computers have intelligence?
• What definition of intelligence are you using?
• Is artificial intelligence just another oxymoron
  like military intelligence?
• Is AI more artificial than intelligent?

16
Review for Exam 3

• Topics (Your Choice)
• Binary Arithmetic
• Boolean Logic
• ASCII codes for characters
• Assembly Language / Machine Language
• Parsing and Parse Trees
• Artificial Intelligence