The Urban Environment Impacts on Health and Wellbeing

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The Urban Environment Impacts on Health and
Wellbeing

• A successful urban area stimulates those who live
  and work there and reinforces self-esteem.
• The urban environment affect health and wellbeing
  of everyone who lives and works there.
• Many problems are concentrated in the most
  deprived areas where environmental, social and
  economic factors interact especially children and
  older people.
• Relationship between health, wellbeing and place
  are complex interacting and poorly understood.

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Effects of Urban Environment on Health

• Air pollution 24,000 deaths/yr brought forward
  by8 months and 24,000 hospital admissions.
• Traffic accidents 3,300 deaths and 29,000
  serious injuries/yr.
• Climate Winter - 25,700 extra deaths Dec
  2005-March 2006.
• Summer - 2,000 excess deaths
  in heat-wave of 2003.
• Mental health Strong association between urban
  residence and psychiatric disorders.
• Infectious disease Spread of pandemic flue and
  new diseases with climate change.
• Obesity 34,000 extra deaths each year.

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The London Smog of December 1952
Clean Air Act of 1956
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AIR POLLUTION PARTICLES AND THE LUNG

• 1,000,000,000,000 particles enter into lungs
  daily
• 10,000 lts of air pass through the lungs every 24
  hours.
• Surface area exposed to the external environment
  - 150 m2

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Tc99-Technigas lt100nm mmd
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Percentage Change in Health End-point for a
10mg/m3 Increase in PM10 (summarised from over
100 studies)
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Increase
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Adverse health effects of particles persist after
controlling for smoking
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Meta-analysis of TSP cardiovascular mortality
Anderson R et al

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Cardiovascular Mortality PM2.5 and Black
SmokeLong-term Exposure
PM2.5
Black Smoke


Relative risk of all cause mortality per 10
mg/m3 change in annual average PM2.5 1.06 (95
CI1.02-1.11)
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Cardiac Admissions PM10

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Asthma Bronchitis Associated with PM10
Influence of Closing and Reopening a Steel Mill
in Utah Valley
Pope, Am J Public Health 1989
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Emission of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide,
ammonia and non methyl VOC from anthrop0genic
sources by sector in the UK
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Traffic growth by mode for the period 1980-2003
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Proportion of diesel vehicles in car fleet
COUNTRY DIESEL CARS () Austria 54 Belgium 5
2.2 Spain 47.3 France 40.2 Italy 22.5 Ho
lland 20.3 Portugal 18.8 Germany 17.6 UK
15.3 Sweden 11.0 EUROPEAN MEAN 25.3
Forecast to increase to 50 by 2010
(DAmato et al, Clin Exp Allergy 2000 30
628-636)
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Particulate Matter
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Photochemical smogincluding OZONE

• NO2 radiation ? NO O
• O O2 ? O3
• RO2 O2 ? RO O3

Sunshine
Pollutants
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Ozone
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Percentage change in PM10 emissions in selected
European countries between 1990 and 2001
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Complex Interactions Influencing Individual Health
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The web of connections between increased car
ownership and use and environmental and social
outcomes in urban areas The Urban Environment
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution March
2007
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Reccommendations that Directly Influence Health

• Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban
  settings.

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Schematic representation of population exposure
to air pollution and potential Impacts of air
quality management strategies
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Schematic representation of population exposure
to air pollution and potential Impacts of air
quality management strategies
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Reccommendations that Directly Influence Health

• Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban
  settings.
• Promotion of overall air pollution reduction for
  the whole population (Gap Closure).

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Schematic representation of population exposure
to air pollution and potential Impacts of air
quality management strategies
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Unravelling Environmental Factors Shaping Health
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What we must aspire to
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Reccommendations that Directly Influence Health

• Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban
  settings.
• Promotion of overall air pollution reduction for
  the whole population (Gap Closure).
• Develop a statutory framework for Health Impact
  Assessments as a component of Environment Impact
  Assessment in urban planning.