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Standards and Basic Equipment

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Title: Standards and Basic Equipment


1
Standards and Basic Equipment
  • Date 30 October 2008

2
Schedule
3
Introduction
Load Estimation
Terminology
Basic Equipment
Codes and Standards
Power Distribution Final Circuit
Standby Generator and Power Supplies
Protection Cable Wiring
Earthing
Design of Electricity Distribution
4
  • Example 1 Load Assessment
  • Example 2 Load Assessment Practice
  • Addition Information Drawings
  • 1. Electrical Equipment
  • 2. Terminology
  • 3. Code Standard

5
Example 1 Load Assessment
  • A restaurant has the following electrical
    installations
  • 10 nos. of 40W Fluorescent Light
  • 3 nos. of 1.5 HP air conditioners (Power
    consumption 980 W/unit
  • 2 nos. of 6 kW electric heater
  • 2 set of 30A ring-circuit socket outlets
  • A) Calculate the current demand of the above
    electrical installations (single phase supply)
  • B) Calculate the maximum demand with diversity
    factor of the above electrical installations (3
    phase supply)

6
Example 1a
Total Connected Load
7
Example 1b
Maximum Demand
8
Example 2 Load Assessment (Practice)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Addition Information Drawings
  • Schematic Diagram
  • Layout Drawings
  • Design Drawings
  • Working Drawings
  • Combined Services Drawings

11
1. Electrical Equipment
A) Transformer
12
A1) One Transformer and 11kV Switchgear in High
Rise Building
13
A2) Three Transformers and 11kV Switchgear in
High Rise Building
14
A3) Minimum Requirements for the Customers
Switchroom Adjacent to Substation for
Multi-transformer Installation
15
E) MCCB
D) Fuses Combination Unit (Switch Fuse)
B) Switch Board
C) ACB
16
1. Electrical Equipment
  • B) Factory-built-assembly (Switchboard)

17
Typical forms of separation by barriers of
partition
18
1. Electrical Equipment
  • C) Air Circuit Breakers (ACB)

19
1. Electrical Equipment
  • D) Fuse Combination Units and Switch-disconnection
    s

20
1. Electrical Equipment
  • E) Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB)

21
I) KWH Meter
H) MCB
F) Busbar Riser
G) MCB Distribution Board
22
1. Electrical Equipment
  • F) Busbar Risers

23
1. Electrical Equipment
  • G) MCB Distribution Boards

24
1. Electrical Equipment
  • H) Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) - 1

25
1. Electrical Equipment
  • H) Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) - 2

26
1. Electrical Equipment
  • I) KWH meter

27
L) Lighting Switch M) Lampholder N) Socket
Outlet O) Connection Unit
K) RCCB
J) Consumer Unit
28
1. Electrical Equipment
  • J) Consumer Unit

29
1. Electrical Equipment
  • K) Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB)

30
1. Electrical Equipment
  • L) Lighting Switches

31
1. Electrical Equipment
  • M) Lampholders

32
1. Electrical Equipment
  • N) Socket outlets

33
1. Electrical Equipment
  • O) Connection Unit

34
1. Electrical Equipment
  • P) PVC Cable - 1

35
1. Electrical Equipment
  • P) PVC Cable - 2

36
2. Useful Terminology - 1
  • Live Part
  • A conductor or conductive part intended to be
    energized in normal use, including a neutral
    conductor.
  • Electrical Installation
  • An assembly of associated electrical equipment
    supplied from a common origin to fulfill a
    specific purpose and having certain coordinated
    characteristics.

37
2. Useful Terminology - 2
  • Electrical Equipment
  • Any item for such purposes as generation,
    conversion, transmission, distribution or
    utilization of electrical energy, such as
    machines, transformers, protective devices,
    wiring materials, measuring instruments,
    accessories, appliances and luminaries.
  • Fixed Appliance
  • An appliance which is fastened to a support or
    otherwise secured at a specific location in
    normal use.

38
2. Useful Terminology - 3
  • Portable Appliance
  • An appliance which is or can easily be moved from
    one place to another when in normal use and while
    connected to the supply.
  • Earthing
  • The act of connecting the exposed conductive
    parts of an installation to an earth electrode.

39
2. Useful Terminology - 4
  • Protective Conductor
  • A conductor used for some measure of protection
    against electric shock and intended for
    connecting together any of the following parts
  • Exposed conductive parts,
  • Extraneous conductive parts,
  • Main earthing terminal,
  • Earth electrodes
  • The earth point of the source

40
2. Useful Terminology - 5
  • Equipotential Bonding
  • Electrical connection maintaining various exposed
    conductive pats and extraneous conductive parts
    at substantially the same potential
  • Exposed Conductive Part
  • A conductive part of equipment which can be
    touched and which is not a live part but which
    may become live under fault conditions

41
2. Useful Terminology - 6
  • Extraneous Conductive Part
  • A conductive part liable to introduce a
    potential, generally earth potential, and not
    forming part of the electrical installation.
  • Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC)
  • A protective conductor connecting exposed
    conductive parts of equipment to the main
    earthing terminal.

42
2. Useful Terminology - 7
  • Earthing Conductor
  • A protective conductor connecting a main eathing
    terminal of an installation to an earth electrode
    or to other means of earthing.
  • Direct Contact
  • Contact of persons or livestock with live parts
    which may result in electric shock.

43
2. Useful Terminology - 8
  • Indirect Contact
  • Contact of persons or livestock with exposed
    conductive parts made live by a fault and which
    may result in electric shock.
  • Skilled Person
  • A person with technical knowledge or sufficient
    experience to enable him to avoid danger which
    electricity ay create.

44
2. Useful Terminology - 9
  • Instructed Person
  • A person adequately advised or supervised by
    skilled persons to enable him to avoid dangers
    which electricity may create.
  • Low Voltage (L.V.)
  • Voltage normally exceeding Extra Low Voltage but
    not exceeding 1000V a.c. or 1500 d.c. between
    conductors, or 600V a.c. or 900V d.c. between
    conductors and earth.

45
2. Useful Terminology - 10
  • Extra Low Voltage
  • Voltage normally not exceeding 50V a.c. or 120
    d.c., whether between conductors or to earth.

46
3.1 Statutory Ordinances and Regulations
  • Electricity Ordinances and the following
    subsidiary regulations
  • Electricity Supply Regulations
  • Electricity Supply (Special Areas) Regulations
  • Electricity (Wiring) Regulations
  • Electricity (Registration) Regulations
  • Plugs Adaptors (Safety) Regulations.

47
3.2 Relevant Codes and Guides to Statutory
Regulations
  • Code of Practice for the Electricity (Wring)
    Regulations.
  • Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Services
    Installations and Equipments

48
3.3 Non-statutory Regulations/ Standards
  • Regulations for Electrical Installation, 15th
    edition and/ or 16th edition.
  • Supply Rules.
  • British Standards Specifications Codes of
    Practice or other equivalent national standards
    and publications.

49
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 1
  • The electricity Ordinance (Ordinance No. 16 of
    1990) was assented by Hong Kong Governor on 22
    March 1990 and came into operation on 2 November
    1990.
  • With the enactment of the Electricity Ordinance,
    only Registered Electrical Workers (REW) are
    allowed to undertake electrical work from 1 June
    1992 onwards. An owner of a fixed installation
    shall obtained a certificate prepares and signed
    by a Registered Electrical Contractor/Worker
    certifying that the installation complies with
    the Ordinance.

50
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 2
  • The Electricity (Registration) Regulations was
    made under Section 59 of the Electricity
    Ordinance 1990. There are 5 grades of Electrical
    Workers. They are

51
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 3
52
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 4
  • The Code of Practice for the Electricity
    (Wiring) Regulations, hereinafter called the
    Code, was published in June 1992. The content of
    the Code is mainly based upon the IEE Wiring
    Regulations which gives technical guidelines on
    how the statutory requirements of the Electricity
    (Wiring) Regulations can be met, There are total
    26 codes, including two for future use, and 10
    appendices. Installations to be complete and
    connected to electricity supplied before 1.6.1994
    which comply with Supply Rules and the relevant
    requirements of the 15th and/or 16th editions of
    the IEE Wiring Regulations are deemed to have met
    the requirements of the Electricity (Wiring)
    Regulations.

53
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 5
  • The Code applies to all low or high voltage fixed
    installations in buildings and premises including
    domestic and commercial buildings, factories and
    industrial undertakings, except fixed
    installations in mobile units such as aircrafts,
    motor vehicles, ships and those exempted by the
    Director of Electrical Mechanical Services.

54
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 6
  • All electrical installation works including new
    installation, repair, alteration or addition made
    to an existing installation shall be carried out
    by a Registered Electrical Worker and certified
    that the wiring installation is completed to the
    relevant design and is in compliance with the
    Electricity (Wiring) Regulations. The REW should
    not sign certificate for tests and inspections
    (Form WR1) unless he has carried out or witnessed
    the tests and inspections, and is satisfied with
    the results. Normally the date of certification
    should not be later than two weeks after the date
    of the tests and inspections.

55
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 7
  • After the electrical works are completed, the
    Registered Electrical Work (REW) and the
    Registered Electrical Contractor should sign Work
    Completion Certificate (Form WR1) and issue it to
    the Owner. The REC should ensure that a copy of
    proper record including a simple line diagram
    with symbols and test results is made available
    to the owner of the electrical installation upon
    completion of work. It is also the responsibility
    of the REC to keep proper records on all
    electrical works carried out by him and his
    employees for 5 years.

56
3.4 Electricity Ordinance Part 8
  • The Performance Monitoring Point System (PMPS)
    was introduced and administrated by the
    Electrical and Mechanical Services Department of
    Hong Kong Government for monitoring the
    performance of REWs to ensure that the electrical
    work undertaken by them is in compliance with the
    undertaken by them is in compliance with the
    Electricity Ordinance, in particular to the
    Electricity (Wiring) Regulations. The system was
    effective on 1 January 1994. Details of defect
    items for use in the PMPS would be discussed in
    Chapter 10.

57
3.5 IEE Regulations Development 1
  • A) Development
  • The 1st Edition published at 1882, the 15th
    Edition issued at 1981 but enforced by local
    power companies on 1.1.1985. The 15th Edition had
    a substantial change taking into account of the
    Harmonization Documents of European Committee for
    Electrotechnical Strandardization CENELEC) and
    was arranged according to the new plan for IEC
    Publication 364 Electrical Installation of
    Buildings. The 15th Edition was prepared by IEE
    Wiring Regulations Committee which was fully
    representative of all appropriate interests
    including contractors, manufactures, users,
    government departments, inspection authorities,
    etc. The 15th Edition contains 6 Parts and 17
    Appendices. From 1981 there are 5 amendments to
    the 15th issued by the Institution of Electrical
    Engineers, they are
  • January 1983 Amendments
  • May 1984 Amendments
  • January 1985 Amendments
  • January 1986 Amendments
  • June 1987 Amendments.

58
3.5 IEE Regulations Development 2
  • The 16th Edition was issued on 10 may 1991. It
    superseded the 15th Edition from 1.1.1993. There
    are 7 Parts and 6 Appendices. A new Part 6
    concerning special installations and locations is
    added in this edition which includes the areas of
    swimming pools, highway power supplier, sauna
    heater, etc. However, some useful Appendices
    shown in 15th edition are removed but they will
    be published under separate covers IEE Guidance
    Notes for reference.

59
3.5 IEE Regulations Development 3
  • The 16th Edition gas incorporated the latest
    revisions and changes of CENELEC Harmonization
    Documents and most Parts have been rewritten for
    clarity. On 2 October 1992 the IEE Wiring
    Regulations were converted into British Standard
    BS76711992. A primary reason for the conversion
    of the contractors to comply with the EC
    utilities and public contracts directives, which
    required a national standard to be quoted for
    wiring installations in large contracts.

60
3.5 IEE Regulations Purposes/ Objective 1
  • B) Purposes/Objectives
  • The Regulations is designed to protect persons,
    property and livestock against hazards arising
    from an electrical installation. It deals with
    electrical installation with emphasis on the
    safety of the user including the protection
    against electric shock, fire, burns, injury from
    mechanical movement of electrical equipment. It
    also provides general outline of the basis of
    good installation works, including planning and
    execution. Overall, the IEE regulations
    constitutes a valuable guide to safe construction
    and installation.

61
3.5 IEE Regulations Purposes/ Objective 2
  • The Regulations is usually classified as a
    non-statutory regulation. Although not legally
    enforceable, it is frequently quoted as the
    example of recommended practice and should be
    entirely referred to in an contract.

62
3.5 IEE Regulations Purposes/ Objective 3
  • The IEE Regulations is intended to be applied to
    general electrical installations at voltage range
    of Extra Low Voltage and Low Voltage buy the
    following types of installations are excluded
  • Equipment of motor vehicles, aircraft, ships,
    etc.
  • Railway traction and rolling stock equipment
  • Lighting protection installations to BS6651
  • Lift installations covered by BS5655
  • Installations at mines

63
3.6 Supply Rules 1
  • The Supply Rules was issued by local power
    companies. It covers the general and technical
    terms and conditions upon which the power company
    will supply electricity. In other words, a
    consumer wished to obtain electricity from the
    power company, the installation shall abide by
    the Supply Rules.

64
3.6 Supply Rules 2
  • The Supply Rules is not intended to take place of
    a detailed specification. The object is to
    establish safety guidelines for a installation
    and maintenance of electrical equipment. In the
    event of conflict between the Supply Rules and
    IEE Regulations, the former shall take
    precedence.

65
3.7 International Recognized Standards
Organizations 1
  • A) British Standard Institution (BSI)
  • An independent non-profit-making association
    incorporated by a Royal Charter in 1929
  • The UK national standards making body and
    represents the UK in international standards.
  • BSI publishes standards for a wide range of
    products and systems, including electrical
    equipment and components. The Codes of Practice
    are also issued by the BSI indicate standards of
    good practice which take the form of
    recommendations.

66
3.7 International Recognized Standards
Organizations 2
  • B) The International electrotechnical Commission
    (IEC)
  • An international non-governmental organization
    whose members are the national electrotechnical
    committees (like the British Electrotechnical
    Committee representing U.K. in the organization.)
  • The organization is responsible for
    standardization in the field of electrical and
    electronic engineering, and publication of IEC
    standards.
  • Members exceed 40 countries and represent more
    than 80 of the worlds population.

67
3.7 International Recognized Standards
Organizations 3
  • C) European Committee for Electrotechnical
    standardization (CENELEC)
  • An intermediate (between IEC BSI), regional
    level organization, and the members are mainly
    from European countries.
  • The major aim is to remove technical differences
    between the CENELEC members by mutual agreement
    via Harmonization Documents.

68
3.8 Certification 1
  • Test certificates complete with type-test
    certificates and factory reports/ drawings, where
    applicable, shall be submitted to prove their
    electrical equipment are complied with the
    standards and suitable for use.

69
3.8 Certification 2
  • Type-test certificates are usually requested to
    be carried out by an Independent Testing
    Authority. Recognized international testing
    organizations are listed below for reference
  • Association of Short Circuit Testing (ASTA)
  • National Measurement Accreditation Service of UK
    (NAMAS)
  • Hong Kong Laboratory Accreditation Scheme
    (HOKLAS)
  • N.V. tot Keuring van Electrotechnische Materialen
    (KEMA)
  • Association des Station dEssais Francaises
    dAppareillage (ASEFA)
  • British Standards Institution (BSI)

70
3.8 Certification 3
  • Any products comply with BS Specifications may
    register with the trade mark BS (e.g. BS3676
    mark at the back of lighting switch plate) which
    describe a particular product or range of
    products manufactures in term of the required
    dimensions, performance and safety in accordance
    with the British Standard. The presence of the
    BSI Kite Mark on a product is an assurance that
    the product has been produced under a system of
    supervision, control and testing operated during
    manufacture and including periodical inspection
    of the manufacturers work which comply with the
    requirements of the relevant British Standards.

71
3.8 Certification 4
  • ASTA as the officially recognized UK
    certification authority for electrical
    installation equipment such as fuses, lighting
    switches, miniature circuit breakers (MCB),
    switchboards, etc. ASTA issues certificates for
    such products based on type testing to British
    Standards, IEC Standards and the recognized
    standards of other countries. Manufacturers can
    be licensed to use the ASTA Diamond Mark, which
    demonstrated compliance with a specified British
    Standard and involves both factory and market
    surveillance.

72
3.8 Certification 5
  • The UK certifying body for electric cables is the
    British Approvals Service for Electric Cables
    (BASEC). When you see the BASEC marks you know
    that the cable has been manufactured and tested
    to British Standards and have BASECs independent
    assurance within the scope of the scheme. The
    BASEC mar is usually applied to the sheath, or
    a core of a cable. The BASEC HAR mark will also
    be given in the case of cables meeting harmonized
    international standards.

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Q A
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