Water Issues at the Technion

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Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Grand
Water Research Institute Rabin Desalination
Laboratory Chemical Engineering Department

• Water Issues at the Technion
• Prof. Raphael Semiat

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UN Report

• The Global Need for Water
• Water shortage have reached crisis
• Proportion in many parts of the world
• Estimated 1.5 billion people do not have access
  to adequate supplies of safe water
• Estimated 10,000 people die every day and
  thousands more suffer from a range of
  debilitating illnesses due to water related
  diseases
• This includes estimated 2.2 million child death
  annually
• Availability of fresh water resources is fixed
• Per capita availability continues to decrease as
• Population increases
• Developing countries improve their quality of
  life and level of industrialization
• Salinity levels in many fresh water aquifers
  increases

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Water deficiency 2004
3B
1.5B
2004 2025
2004
2025
Source Seckler et al, 2002
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Middle East Desalination Research Center
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Mountain Aquifer
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Chloride year 2000
Coastal Aquifer salinization processes
Shore Basin
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Desalination Sites
Large plants Shomrat ?? (30) Hadera (140) Soreq
(140) Palmahim (3010) Ashdod (100) Brackish
inland (50) Ashkelon (10020) Ktziot (3)
Tenders - BOOT projects for 25 years
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Ashkelon Plant
On Sept 2006 completed first 100 Million m3
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Lowest cost ever announced currently
0.56US/m3
The process And Cost Evaluation
VID IDE VIVENDY (VEOLIA) DELEK - DANKNER
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Spiral Wound Membranes
membranes thickness- 200 nm and down. Holes size
and size distribution, membrane properties
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Eilat Plants

• Sabha A 25,500m3/day BW
• Sabha B 10,000 BW
• Sabha C 10,000 SW

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Operational Experience Saving on
chemicals. Eilat plants
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Man made polluted waters Industrial, agriculture
and urban effluents
Straining
Modern Sewage Treatment
Sludge/ solids treatment
Adsorption
Secondary treatment
Energy
Compost
Micro/Ultra-Filtration
MBR
Polishing
Reverse-Osmosis or Nano-Filtration
Concentrate disposal
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Related Documents
Driving Forces for Water RD Need for
Water Global need, Industry, Agriculture, Remote
Locations, Desertification, Etc. Cost Difference
- (Industry/Urban - Agriculture) Cost Difference
- (Thermal Processes - Membrane
Processes) Technologies for Export
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• Water Technologies - Innovation and Challenge
• Grand Water Research Institute

The Stephen and Nancy Grand Water Research
Institute at the Technion operates as the Israeli
national institute for research in the science,
technology, engineering and management of water
resources The mission of the GWRI, established in
1993, is to be a center of excellence of
international caliber, the leading water research
institute in Israel The GWRI concentrates in
particular on topics of relevance and importance
to Israel
Water Treatment Desalination Treatment and reuse
of wastewater Preservation of water quality and
quantity in the sources Hydrology quantity and
quality Water and environmental
microbiology Management in and of the urban water
sector Water resources management and policy
57 members from 7 Faculties of the Technion 6
professors from other universities Cooperation
Other universities, research institutes,
agencies, government ministries, industry,
private sector
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• Significant membrane properties
• Main Characteristic properties
• Selectivity
• Permeability
• Mechanical stability (creep and compaction)
• Chemical Stability (Hydrolytic stability,
• Organic material stability, pH,
• Microbial resistance, Cl2 attack, etc.
• Surface anti-fouling properties
• (Phtalates, cellulose acetate, Chlorine in water,
  NaOH in cleaning,
• Initial fluxes reduction, suspended materials and
  precipitants (CaCO3, CaSO4, SiO2, CaF2, SrSO4,
  BaSO4, etc.)

Membrane thickness, Permeability,
rejection, Size, size distribution Anti-fouling
treatment Catalitic reactivity.
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Performance of new membranes
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Boron complexation using Manitol
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Illustration of typical measurementsCaCO3
Run in which the membrane was not scaled
Run in which the membrane was scaled
Mechanism of AS?
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Effectiveness of various anti-scalants(Super-satu
ration level of CaSO4 3.5)
CaSO4
Induction time, t SHMP, 6 ppm tgt10 hr A, 12
ppm t4 hr B, 12 ppm t3 hr B, 6 ppm t1 hr A, 6
ppm tlt1 hr
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Antiscalants - Molecular Modelling

• Requirements
• effective antiscalents are molecules which
  inhibit growth of the crystals formed by the
  scalent
• the antiscalent has to be capable of binding on
  all crystal faces
• Modelling
• modelling the interaction between the crystal
  lattice and the antiscalent can be performed by
  force field calcula-tions (e.g. with the
  Dreiding force field).
• Example
• Barium Sulfate

Coveney, P. V. , Davey, R. , Griffin, J. L. W. A
New Design Strategy for Molecular Recognition in
Hetero-geneous Systems A Universal Crystal-Face
Growth Inhibi-tor for Barium Sulfate J. Amer.
Chem. Soc., 2000, Vol. 122
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Dynamic Bio Film Membrane Foulant
Yeast
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Particle deposition close to the spacer
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Module view and sampling
Prof. Carlos Dozoretz
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Nanofiltration of MF-MBR effluents
CLSM of a fully developed biofilm
CSLM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
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Long term bacteria fouling
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Solar Desalination Aqaba Jordan Sept 2005
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Degradation of Ethylene Glycol in "Fenton like"
process different concentrations of
nano-particles catalyst ?-250 PPM, ?-500 PPM,
X-1000 PPM, ?-1250 PPM
An important step in wastewater recovery
Nano particles Nano FeOx Catalysis
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High Supersaturation in concentrate pipes
Effect of silica super-saturation
GWRI Rabin Desalination Laboratory
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Super-saturation Removal from concentrates
Conclusions

• The most promising technique for precipitating
  CaSO4 is by adding a coagulant.

• Alkali addition is an effective precipitation
  technique for both scaling salts but seems
  uneconomic.

AS Dosage
Destabilization of AS
Concentrate Waste
Membrane

Precipitation vessel
Brackish Water
Slurry to waste
Pure Water
Recycle of concentrate of reduced hardness

• Certain surfactants can induce rapid
  precipitation of CaCO3.

• Seeding does not induce precipitation in the
  case of CaSO4 solutions but is very effective in
  the case of CaCO3.

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CONTINUOUS FLOW PRECIPITATION STUDY EFFECT OF
RETENTION TIME ON PSD

• The augmented retention time also acts to
  increase systematically the size of the
  precipitated particles.
• The surface mean diameter D3,2 is seen to
  increase from 3 mm at t 1.1 hr to 10 mm at t
  8.75 hr.

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Escherichia coli
Identification of specific virulent strains in
water Dr. Y. Kashi
Listeria
Bio Monitoring
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Identification of specific virulent strains in
water Dr. Y. Kashi
Vibrio cholerae
Bacillus anthrax
Bio Monitoring
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DNA Fingerprint
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Bacterial Identification and Typing System
Input Unknown sample or bacterial colony
 
Reacting the bacterial DNA with a capillary
optical fiber
Bacterial genotype Database
Output Identified Bacteria
Pre-made DNA biosensor array with custom made
probes
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Vibrio cholerae
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Chemical Detection Methods Large and complex
instruments Sensors / detectors Sensor
arrays Lab-on-a-chip
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Suggested Techniques for Monitoring Particulate
Matter in Water


Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

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On-Line Detection of Water-Terror Agents in
Aquatic Environments Prof. I. Schechter

Laser

• The Technology
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.
• Sampling on the nm-mm range
• - Direct detection in water

Cd

Zn


Spectrometer


Sample
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Suggested Techniques for Monitoring Particulate
Matter in Water Prof. I. Schechter
TR-LIF Polymeric film sampling
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Suggested Techniques for Monitoring Particulate
Matter in Water
Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Imaging
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Energy usage in Desalination - comparison
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Household Energy ConsumptionElectricity,
transportation and desalinated water

• A small family, consumes water at a rate of 18
  m3/month,
• 1200 KWh of electricity /month, Drives 1500
  km/month, consumes 160 liter gasoil/month
• Energy consumption assuming only desalinated
  seawater used - 140 KWh/month (fuel value)
• Energy consumption - driving a car - 1500
  KWh/month (fuel value)
• Energy consumption - electricity - 1200/0.452667
  KWh/month (fuel value)
• Energy for desalination/ energy for
  transportation - 9.3
• Energy for desalination/ energy for electricity -
  2.6
• Energy for desalination/ total energy consumption
  - 3.4
• Can we save 3.4 in our household energy
  consumption?
• Where we should put our energy for use? In water?
  In high energy consuming cars? In overused AC?

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• ???? ??????? 4X4 ?????? 5 ?"? ?????. ????
  ????? 300 ?"? 60 ???? ???
• ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?- 15 ?"? ??-??
  ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???
  ?????? ?????!!!
• ?? ????? ???? ???????

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Desalination and proper water usageOther costs
should be included besides Energy

• Cost of water in negligible for regular household
• Cost of water is tolerable for most industries
• Cost of water is significant in agriculture
• Make better usage of water
• Use of greenhouses
• Use Drip-Irrigation save 30-90 of water
  consumption by other irrigation techniques
  reduce the cost problem

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200-250 m2 are needed to make 1 m3 water a day!
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The dead sea problem
Bathymetric and Satellite Map of the Sea of
Galilee. Ben Avraham Zvi, Amit Gideon and Golan
Arik (contour interval 1 m)
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Energy Canals Med Dead Red - Dead
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Water is needed in locations where agriculture is
still the basis for life. Simple agriculture
cannot afford even the currently relatively low
costs. It is a global question of the same type
as the usage of alternative energy sources to
solve environmental-pollution problems. The
future of mankind depends on finding the proper
answers to those questions, in addition to the
quest for global peace.
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Pushing the Limits of Desalination Reduction of
RO desalination process costs Main directions
for reducing desalination costs Membrane
improvement Permeability, rejection, resistance
to fouling Concentration polarization -
Flow Improvement of membrane modules Fouling and
scaling prevention Optimization of the water
recovery level The boron problem Pretreatment
MF, UF etc. Energy aspects Concentrates -
Environmental Process optimization
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Membrane Distillation Configuration
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