Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

• Mr. Q
• Bio P

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39.12 Circulatory System

• What are the parts of the circulatory system?
• Heart, veins, arteries

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What is the function of the circulatory system?

• Transports nutrients, wastes hormones, and gases.
• Blood circulates through vessels (arteries and
  veins).

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Where do cells exchange materials with the blood?

• Capillaries tiny blood vessels that allow for
  the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones and
  other molecules.

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What is the path that blood follows?
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What is the sequence?

• Veins ? right atrium ?right ventricle ? pulmonary
  arteries ( to lungs, where blood picks up oxygen)
  ? left atrium ?left ventricle ? aorta ? rest of
  the body
• http//www.guidant.com/condition/heart/interact_6.
  html

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How does the heart contract?

• Sinoatrial node special heart muscle cells
• Found in the right atrium (label it on your
  picture)
• Controlled by two sets of nerves.

http//www.guidant.com/condition/heart/interact_8.
html
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How do we monitor the heart?

• Blood pressure pressure of the blood moving in
  your arteries and veins
• Use a sphygmomanometer
• Normal 120/80 mm Hg.

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• ECGs or EKGs senses the electrical activity of
  the heart.
• Heart rate measure the pulse of vein pressure
• Average 70-90 beats per minute.

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http//www.guidant.com/condition/heart/interact_8.
html
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What are some problems with the circulatory system

• Heart attack when heart muscle dies and stop
  working.
• Stroke when an area of the brain dies.
• http//www.guidant.com/condition/heartfailure/pop1
  .html
• http//www.guidant.com/madit/clip1.html
• http//www.guidant.com/madit/clip2.html

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What is the lymphatic system?

• A system in the body that picks up and recycles
  leaked fluids.
• Lymph tissue is also found in the thymus,
  tonsils, spleen, and bone marrow.
• Part of the immune system.
• Helps defend the body against pathogens.
• Lymph nodes larger lymph tissue

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What is blood made of?

• Water, blood plasma, blood cells and fragments.
• Blood plasma water, metabolites and wastes,
  salts, proteins
• Blood cells white (immune system) and red
  (carry oxygen)
• Platelets cell fragments used in clotting

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What are the blood types?

• A, B, AB and O.
• Who can get what? Table 39.1
• Where does the plus come from?
• Rh factor (antigen on surface of blood cells),
  have it (), dont have it (-).

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39.3 Respiratory System

• What are the parts of the respiratory system?
• Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs,
  bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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What is the oxygen used for?

• Cellular respiration
• Need O2 to make ATP.
• What is the diaphragm for?
• Muscle under the lungs that helps respiration.

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What affects breathing rates?

• CO2 concentrations in blood, not O2.
• How does O2 move into and out of RBCs?
• Diffusion high conc ? low conc
• Attaches to hemoglobin.
• Iron gives blood their red color

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How does CO2 move into and out of RBCs?

• 7 - dissolved in plasma
• 23 - attached to hemoglobin
• 70 - as bicarbonate (HCO3-)
• CO2 is released in the lungs from the RBCs
• Then, we breathe it out.

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What are some problems with the lungs?

• Asthma bronchioles constrict or narrow, alveoli
  may rupture.
• Emphysema alveoli can not release air
• Lung Cancer abnormal cell growth in the lungs

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40.1 Your Bodys Need for Food

• Why does your body need food (nutrients)?
• Energy for the body.
• Digestion the break down of chemical bonds in
  food.
• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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What are they broken into?

• Carbohydrates (starches disaccharides) ? simple
  sugars
• What else does your body need to maintain
  homeostasis?
• Vitamins B1-3, B12, C, A, D, E, K
• Minerals iodine, cobalt, zinc, etc.
• Water H2O

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40.2 Digestion

• What are the parts of the digestive system?
• Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach,
  liver, gall bladder, pancreas, sm. lrg.
  Intestine, rectum

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Where does digestion start?

• Mouth
• Amylase enzyme use to break down carbohydrates
  (starch disaccharides)

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What does the stomach do?

• Stores and breaks down food
• How does it break down food?
• Using HCl acid and pepsin (enzyme)
• What does the small intestine do?
• Digest and absorbs most food using secretions
  from pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

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How does the sm. intestine absorb food?

• Villi fingerlike projections that absorb
  nutrients.
• Lipases enzyme used to help digest fat.

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What does the lrg. Intestine (colon) do?

• Absorb water and minerals.
• Absorb too much water - constipation.
• Not enough water absorbed diarrhea.

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What does the liver do?

• Secretes bile used for
• Emulsification of fats
• Absorption of fatty acids and vitamins
• Maintain levels of blood sugar
• Stores glycogen
• Stores vitamins and minerals

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• Monitor cholesterol levels
• Detoxifies poisons (heavy metals, pesticides,
  drugs, and alcohol)

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What does the pancreas do?

• Secretes digestive enzymes.
• Secretes insulin
• Secrete glucagon.
• Let us review the digestive system.

http//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticl
es.nsf/Pictures/Pancreas_explained?OpenDocument
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40.3 Excretory System

• What are the parts of the excretory system?
• Lungs (Yep!), kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Our body must get rid of waste.

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What wastes are removed by the human body?

• CO2 (lungs) urine
• What filters the blood?
• Kidneys
• Size of small fist

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How do the kidneys filter the blood?

• Nephron tiny tubes that filters waste from
  capillaries and produces urine.
• 3 phases
• Filtration
• Reabsorption and secretion
• Urine formation

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What is in urine?

• Water, urea (nitrogen waste), and various salts.
• How is urine excreted (removed from the body)?
• Kidneys ? ureters ? bladder ? urethra ? outside
  the body.

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What causes kidney failure?

• Infection, diabetes, high blood pressure, bodys
  own immune system.
• What is dialysis?
• When a machine filters the blood.
• Kidney transplants

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Immunology

• What is a nonspecific response?
• Immune response that is not specific to a
  pathogen (a foreign body that causes an immune
  response).
• 1st line of defense
• mucous membrane
• skin

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• 2nd line of defense
• Inflammatory response
• Histamine
• Temperature response
• Proteins
• Complement system
• Interferon

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• WBC (White blood cells)
• Neutrophils engulfs pathogen and releases
  chemicals
• Macrophages eats and digest pathogens
• NKC attacks infected body cells

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What is an immune response?

• Specific to the pathogen.
• Uses
• TH Helper T cells
• Activates TC and B cells
• TC Cytotoxic T cells
• B cells

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What are the 2 parts of an immune response?

• T cell response
• Active, destroys infected cells
• B cell response
• Passive, aids other response
• Produces
• Plasma cells - makes antibodies
• Memory cells

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How fast and strong is an immune response?

• 1st exposure takes longer
• 2nd exposure is quicker and stronger (more
  antibodies are produced)

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How do diseases spread?

• Contact
• Airborne
• How do we prevent diseases?
• Natural immunity
• Vaccination
• Vaccine

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What are some immune disorders?

• Autoimmune disease (Table 41-1)
• The body attacks itself
• AIDS
• Caused by HIV TH
• CD4
• Allergies

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42.1 Neurons and Nerve Impulses

• What does a neuron (nerve cell) do?
• Conducts electrical signals (nerve impulses).
• Nerves are bundles of nerve cells.
• Myelin sheaths (fatty outer layer) helps neurons
  conduct impulses faster.

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What are the parts of a neuron?
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How does a neuron conduct nerve impulses?

• Membrane potential the difference in electrical
  charge across the membrane.
• Measure in volts (V).
• Depends on the movement of Na and K ions.

http//www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/channe
l.html
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What is the resting potential?

• Membrane potential of a nerve cell at rest.
• -70 mV
• More negative inside the cell than outside .

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What is an action potential?

• A nerve impulse.
• Moves down a nerve cell from the dendrites ? axon
  terminals
• How do nerve cells communicate with other cells?
• Synapse junction where nerve cells meet other
  cells.

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What is a neurotransmitter?

• Signal molecules, made by the neuron, are carried
  across the synapse.
• Stored in vesicles
• Nerve impulse causes the neurotransmitter to be
  released.
• Receptor proteins pick up the signals on the
  other side.

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42.2 Structures of the Nervous System

• What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system?
• Central brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral sensory and motor neurons

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What do they do?

• Brain cerebrum cerebellum.
• Cerebrum learning, memory, perception and
  intelligence
• Cerebellum balance, posture and movement
• Brain stem contains structures leading down
  from the brain.

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• Thalamus processes sensory information.
• Hypothalamus regulates homeostatic functions
• ex. breathing and heart rate.
• Sensory neurons sends sensory info from sensory
  organs (nose, mouth, ear, eyes, skin) ? brain.
• Motor neurons sends commands from the brain ?
  body.

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What is a spinal reflex?

• Sudden, involuntary movement of muscles in
  response to a stimuli.
• Does NOT involve the brain.
• Spinal cord dense cable of nervous tissue.
• 31 spinal nerves

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42.3 Sensory systems

• What are sensory receptors?
• Detect stimuli and convert it into electrical
  signals for the brain.
• Types
• Thermo
• Pain
• Mechano
• Chemo
• Photo

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What are the sensory organs?

• Eye detect light
• Rod dim light
• Cones color
• Ear detect sound and maintain equilibrium.
• Cochlea contains hair cells which sense sound
  vibrations.
• Semicircular canals

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• Mouth taste
• Taste buds
• Skin
• Nose

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42.4 Drugs and the N.S.

• Are drugs bad?
• YES!!!!!!
• They kill off brain cells that are not coming
  back!
• They get you expelled!!!
• Psychoactive drugs alter the functioning of the
  N.S.!

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What type of drugs are there?

• Depressants decrease activity
• Stimulants increase activity
• Inhalants disorientation, memory loss,
  confusion
• Hallucinogens sensory distortion
• THC impaired judgment
• Narcotics impaired sensory perception

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43.1 Hormones

• What do hormones do?
• Regulate growth, development behavior, and
  reproduction.
• Coordinate the production, use and storage of
  energy.
• Maintain homeostasis
• React to stimuli outside the body.

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• Where are hormones made?
• They are secreted (released) by cells in the
  endocrine glands.
• Exocrine glands deliver substances through ducts.
• The nervous system secretes neurotransmitters
  that can act as hormones.

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What are the endocrine glands?

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Adrenal
• Ovary
• Testes
• Pancreas
• Thyroid

• Parathyroid
• Pineal

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43.2 How Hormones Work

• How do they work?
• Hormones are specific to the cells they contact.
• A target cell is the cell hormones act upon.
• Hormones match receptors on the cell surface or
  interior.

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What are the different types of hormones?

• Amino-acid-based hormones
• protein hormones
• Water soluble (breakdown in water)
• Steroid hormones
• Lipid hormones
• Fat soluble

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What regulates how hormones work?

• Negative feedback too much hormone will stop
  the production of more hormone.
• They are turned off and on when needed.
• Depends on hormone levels in the blood.

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43.3 Major Endocrine Glands of the Body

• Important glands and hormones you need to know
• Hypothalamus Master Gland
• Coordinates the N.S. and Endocrine systems.
• Issues instructions to the pituitary gland

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• Pituitary gland
• Stores hormones made by the hypothalamus.
• Controls other glands by secreting hormones.
• Examples
• FSH TSH
• ACTH LH

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• Thyroid gland
• Regulates bodys metabolism and growth of brain,
  bone and muscles.
• What happens when the thyroid gland is out of
  control?

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• Hyper(over)thyroidism causes nervousness, sleep
  problems, weight loss
• Hypo(under)thyroidism stunted growth, mental
  retardation, lack of energy, dry skin and weight
  gain.

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http//biologyinmotion.com/thyroid/index.html
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• Parathyroid gland
• Controls calcium concentrations in the blood.
• Adrenal gland
• Warning system in times of stress.
• Fight or Flight
• Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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• Testes
• Produce testosterone
• Ovaries
• Produce estrogen
• Pancreas
• Insulin secreted when sugar is high
• Glucagon secreted when sugar is low