THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

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THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Part 2

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Hindbrain, Midbrain and Forebrain
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Brain Structure and Function
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Left Brain, Right Brain
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Left Hemisphere

• Controls the right side of the body
• Controls language speech, including reading and
  writing
• Controls understanding speech
• Controls speaking
• Controls verbal memory (remembering things heard)

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Right Hemisphere

• Recognizing shapes and forms
• Musical and artistic awareness
• Spatial organization and perception
• Imagination
• Processing and storage of visual data insight
• Generating mental images of sight, sound, touch,
  taste and smell

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Connects the 2 hemispheres
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Split Brain
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Limbic System

• Olfactory cortex is responsible for the sense of
  smell
• Amygdala is responsible for our feelings of fear
• Hippocampus is responsible for declarative memory
  (things we know, like facts and figures, names)

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Limbic System

• Is the center for our emotions
• Responsible for emotion production and storing of
  emotional memory
• Controls appetite and sleep patterns
• Plays an important part in motivation

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Lobes of the Brain
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Lobes of the Brain
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Frontal Lobe

• Responsible for
• reasoning some aspects of speech
• planning organization
• movement problem solving
• attention creative thought
• personality impulse control
• emotions physical reaction
• memory libido (sexual urges)

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Occipital Lobe

• Helps see light and objects
• Allows us to recognize and identify things
• Aids color recognition
• Occipital lobe on the right interprets visual
  signals from the left visual space
• Damage to one occipital lobe will result in loss
  of vision in the opposite visual field

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Parietal Lobe

• Concerned with cognition (thinking)
• Information processing
• Pain and touch sensation
• Spatial orientation
• Speech
• Language and visual perception
• Receives sensory information from other areas of
  the brain
• Uses memory to attach meaning to objects

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Temporal Lobe

• Assists us to tell one smell from another and one
  sound from another
• Has a role in auditory and visual memory
• The right temporal lobe is involved in visual
  memory (for pictures and faces)
• The left temporal lobe is involved with verbal
  memory (words and names)

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Motor and Sensory Cortex

• Motor Cortex
• Area at the rear of the frontal lobes that
  controls voluntary movements
• Sensory Cortex
• Area at the front of the parietal lobes that
  registers and processes body sensations

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Association Areas
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Endocrine System
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Hormones

• Like neurotransmitters, they activate cells in
  the body
• They affect both internal processes and visible
  behavior
• Are secreted directly into the bloodstream or
  lymph system

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Psychological Correlates of Physiological
processes

• Fight or Flight Response believed to have
  evolved to help our ancestors prepare for sudden
  physical threats
• It prepares our bodies to either confront a
  threat or run away from it

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Fight or Flight

• More alert as circulatory system diverts blood
  (full of oxygen) away from stomach and intestines
  towards the brain and skeletal muscles
• The liver releases sugar to make more energy
  available
• The body releases adrenaline which makes the
  heart beat faster and stronger

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Fight or Flight

• Bronchioles in the lungs dilate to bring in more
  oxygen
• Pupils of the eyes dilate to make vision sharper
• Mouths become dry as we produce less saliva
• We perspire more as a means of cooling off body
  as the increased arousal produces more heat in
  the body

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Physiological Theories of Emotion

• James Lange Theory of Emotion states that
  people experience physiological changes and then
  interpret them as emotions

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Cannon Bard Theory

• Proposes that emotional experiences accompany
  physiological changes rather than follow
  physiological changes

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Cannon Bard Theory

• Proposes that 2 areas of the brain are stimulated
  at the same time when a person is emotional
• The cerebral cortex produces the emotional
  experience
• The thalamus produces changes in the sympathetic
  nervous system
• Studies of people with spinal cord damage
  supports this theory

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Schachter Singer (1962)

• Proposed that emotion involves both physiological
  arousal and cognitive interpretation

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Schachter Singer

• Argued that the way we think about events will
  affect our emotional reactions to them
• Did experiment giving adrenaline or placebo
  injections to subjects and told them different
  stories about what to expect