IPX

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Chapter 7

• IPX
• NetBIOS and
• AppleTalk

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Why Study IPX?

• IPX is the default protocol for Novell Netware
  operating systems. (not anymore).
• Why do we care? (1980s protocol)
• IPX varies significantly from TCP-IP
• With more than 5 million networks and more than
  50 million clients, Novell has the largest share
  of the NOS market. 
• NOT pure TCP/IP until version 5.0
• 4.0 supported TCP/IP but not native mode
• 1998- NetWare 5.0

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Continue..

• IPX stands for (Internetwork Packet Exchange)
• It is similar to the XNS (Xerox Network Systems)
• IPX is really a family of protocols
• Fastest routable protocol suite available

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IPX

• IPX functions at layer 3 and 4 of the OSI model.
• Controls assignments of IP addresses
• Packets delivery
• Makes routing decisions based on information
  provided by the routing protocols
• IPX is connectionless like the UDP
• Use sockets to communicate with upper layer
  protocols (similar to TCP-IP ports)

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Introduction to Novell IPX

• Novell IPX Suite of Protocols
• IPX
• SPX
• RIP
• SAP
• NLSP
• NCP

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IPX/SPX

• Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
  Exchange (IPX/SPX)
• Protocol originally developed by Xerox
• Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for
  the NetWare network operating system

IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model
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IPX/SPX Core Protocols

• Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX)
• Works in tandem with IPX
• OSI Transport layer
• Connection Oriented
• Reliable
• Whole
• In sequence
• Error free
• Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
• OSI Network Layer
• Provides routing and internetworking services
• Logical Addressing
• Similar to IP in TCP/IP suite

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Client-Server Communication

• NetWare is a pure client/server environment
• NetWare servers provide the following services to
  clients
• File
• Print
• Message
• Application
• Database

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SAP Service Advertisement Protocol

• Servers broadcast SAP advertisements
• Other servers in the network build SAP tables
• Routers
• Accept SAP advertisements
• Build SAP tables
• Do not forward SAP advertisements
• Clients broadcast SAP queries Get Nearest Server
  (GNS)
• Nearest Server responds with address of server
  capable of satisfying the request
• Routers can respond to requests as well

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SAP Service Advertisements
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GNS Protocol 1
In responding to GNS requests, Router software
can also distribute clients evenly among the
available servers.
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IPX Suite

• IPX
• OSI Network layer
• Connectionless
• Unreliable
• Communicates to upper layer through sockets
• Address Assignment

1) Network portion. Commonly, the leading zeros
are dropped. 2,3,4) Node portion. They are the
MAC address of the machine Network address
ffffffff reserved as broadcast address A total
of 80 bits (10 bytes) of data are required for
IPX addresses.
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IPX Addressing

• NetWare uses two types of network addresses
• Internal network address
• a destination address
• associated with a particular server
• used to send service requests that are destined
  to that server.
• must be unique
• usually assigned by NetWare during the
  installation process.
• External network addresses
• addresses that you assign to each physical cable
  segment
• separated through the use of routers.

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IPX Sockets
Socket No. (Hex) Meanings

• 0001 XNS Routing Information Protocol
• 0002 Echo Protocol Packet
• 0003 Error Handler Packet
• 0020 - 003F Experimental
• 0001 - 0BB8 Registered with Xerox
• 0BB9 - Dynamically Assignable
• 0451 Netware File Service Packet (NCP)
• 0452 Netware Service Advertising Packet
• 0453 Netware Routing Information Protocol
• 0455 NetBIOS Packet
• 0456 Diagnostic Packet
• 4001 NetWare Watchdog Packet
• 4003 NetWare Shell Packet
• 4004 - 7FFF Dynamically Assigned Sockets
• 8000 - Socket Numbers assigned by Novell

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IPX Suite

• Routing
• RIP Distance Vector
• NLSP - Link State
• NCP
• Provides clients with access to network resources
• File access
• Printing
• Synchronization
• security

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IPX Encapsulation

• Encapsulation
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• Must be consistent

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NetBIOS and NetBEUI

• Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS)
• Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport
  and Session layer services
• Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol
• Microsoft added Application layer component
  called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)

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NetBEUI

• Fast and efficient protocol
• Consumes few network resources
• Provides excellent error correction
• Requires little configuration
• Uses Computer name as address (15 characters)
• However
• Little security
• Not routable - no network layer
• 254 nodes

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NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model

• Usually paired with other protocols

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NetBIOS Addressing

• Viewing a workstations NetBIOS name
• Right-click the My Computre icon, then click
  Properties
• Click the Identification tab

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Server Message Block SMP

• Used to exchange NetBIOS requests
• Four types of messages
• Session Control
• Controls redirection to a shared resource
• File
• Used to access files on file servers
• Printer
• Used to send data to a printer server
• Message
• Workstation to workstation messaging

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Common Internet File System - CIFS

• Protocol that provides requesting file and print
  services on the Internet
• Allows the sharing of resource between various
  Operating Systems
• Linux
• NetWare
• Apple

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Naming / Resolution

• Uniform Naming Convention
• \\servername\share-name
• LMHOSTS file
• IP address computer-name
• Windows Internet Naming Service - WINS

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AppleTalk

• Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh
  computers
• Originally designed to support peer-to-peer
  networking among Macintoshes
• Can now be routed between network segments and
  integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based
  networks

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AppleTalk

• AppleTalk zone
• Logical groups of computers defined on an
  AppleTalk network
• Enables users to share file and print services

AppleTalk protocol compared to OSI Model
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AppleTalk Subprotocols

• AppleShare
• Resource sharing
• AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP)
• File Access local and remote
• AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)
• AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)
• Responsible for reliable delivery
• Name Binding Protocol (NBP)
• Translates common names to Appletalk addresses
• Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
• Zone Information Protocol (ZIP)
• Maps zones to networks
• Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
• Assigns AT address at start up

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Addressing in AppleTalk

• AppleTalk node ID
• Unique 8-bit number identifying a computer on an
  AppleTalk network
• 254 nodes
• AppleTalk network number
• Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to
  which an AppleTalk node is connected
• Extended AppleTalk segment assigned a range of
  network ids
• Uses Zone concept to divide large networks
  (subnets)
• Seed Routers
• Network numbers programmed into it
• Source of information for non-seed routers
• Name Binding Protocol provides for name
  resolution

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Data Link Control - DLC

• Protocol used to access IBM networks
• Supported by some Hewlett Packard printers

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