History of American Education

1
History of American Education

• Christine McCartney

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Catherine Beecher (1800-1878)

• Challenged accepted notions of femininity and the
  education of women in the nineteenth century.
• Womens education should prepare them for roles
  of responsibility and that higher education for
  women should train them as teachers-a natural
  public extension of womens role in the family
• Founded the Western Female Institute in
  Cincinnati and the Milwaukee Female Seminary.

3
John Dewey (1859-1952)

• Deweys School and Society (1899) espoused the
  notion that ideas should be grounded in
  experience.
• education should be based on the childs
  psychological and physical development, as well
  as the world outside the schoolroom.
• Secondary elementary schools are repressive
  institutions.
• Connection between education and personal
  experiences.
• Discovery, exploration, constructivist theory
  embedded in his philosophy.

4
Ellwood Cubberley

• (1868 1941) Applied theory of industrial
  management to school leadership.
•  Paternalistic, anti immigrant, and anti
  democratic Trained science of school of
  management (brought industrial management to
  schools).
• Responsible for structuring schools in set blocks
  of time to learn (ex. 50 minute classes) Rules,
  discipline, order, teacher/ principle are
  authority figures.

5
Maria Montessori (1870 1952)

• constructivist philosophy
• Developed principle to inform her general
  educational program first the education of the
  senses, then the education of the intellect.
• Taught skills not by having children repeatedly
  try it, but by developing exercises that prepare
  them.
• Focus on educator as keeper of the environment

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Linda Brown Thompson (1943-)

• One of thirteen African-American families
  recruited in Topeka by the NAACP
• Brown vs. Board
• credited for bringing down segregation in schools
• enrolled children NAACP in schools she knew they
  would not be accepted

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Jose Angel Gutierrez (1944-)

• Equal treatment Chicano students (Texas).
• Advocated hiring of Spanish speaking teachers.
• Established Mexican American youth group (wanted
  students to organize strikes and speak out for
  equal rights in their community).

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Deborah Meier (1931-    )

• Helped revitalize public schools in New York
  Citys East Harlem district.
• Active learning
• Promoted family oriented system giving parents
  voice in schools (democratic outlook, influenced
  by Dewey).
• Graduation rate of 90 in schools she worked in.

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E.D Hirsch (1928-)

• Founded board of Core knowledge Foundation
  provided curriculum to schools and workshops for
  teachers.
• Students using this system are taught what to
  think not how to think.
• Wrote book "Cultural literacy What every
  American needs to know"

10
John Joseph Hughes (1797-1864)

• Hughes took the offensive in public speeches,
  sermons and writings during the 1840s, demanding
  public funds for Catholic schools.
• Helped to set in motion the secularization of
  American public schools.

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Albert Shanker (1928-1997)

• President of the American Federation of Teachers
  (AFT)
• President of United Federation of teachers (UFT)
• Leader in the standards movement, arguing that
  social promotion offered no incentives for
  children to excel.
• Most widely known educational figure in the
  history of organized labor
• Worked for the Teachers Guild as a labor
  organizer
• organized teachers as union
• At that time....
• women were not making same amount as men even if
  same subject and grade
• High school levels got paid more
• So Shanker challenged these standards, demanded
  more money and equal rights for teachers.

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Horace Mann(1796-1859)

• Established the state board of education, served
  as the boards first secretary.
• Established training institutes for teachers,
  Increased school year to six months
• Gathered support for more funding for teacher
  salaries, books and school construction

13
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

• Leading advocate for the educational and economic
  improvement of African Americans.
• Advocated vocational education for African
  Americans to teach his community the manual
  skills that would help them work their way up the
  social ladder and improve their economic status.