HYBRIDIZATION%20OF%20ATOMIC%20ORBITALS

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UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES
PREDICTED BY VSEPR
H
H
C
H
H
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
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(No Transcript)
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Electron Both wave and particle
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Electron Both wave and particle
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FORCE ENERGY
The forces at work are Electromagnetic Repulsio
n of like charges proton-proton and
electron-electronAttraction of unlike charges
proton-electron. Magnetic Electron spin
introduces magnetic forces. Electrons with
opposite spins produce opposite magnetic poles.
Opposite magnetic poles attract. Opposite spin is
required for electrons to occupy the same orbital.
S
N
N
S
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FORCE ENERGY
The Energies involved Electron (orbital)
Potential Energy
4p
3d
4s
ENERGY LEVEL
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
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MATHEMATICS
Bond Angles
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s, p, d Orbitals
p Orbitals
Px
Px
Pz
Pz
Py
Py
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Methane building blocks
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
VSEPR
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1s
2s
2px
2pz
2py
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
y
Promote
Hybridize
x
109.5o
z
Methane Carbon
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CH2O
Formaldehyde
H
O
C
120o
H
C
H
VSEPR
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2s
2px
2pz
2py
1s
sp2 sp2 sp2
Hybridized
Promoted
120o
TrigonalPlanar
120o
2s 2px 2pz
Formaldehyde Carbon
13
2s
2px
2pz
2py
1s
sp2 sp2 sp2
Hybridized
Lone Pairs
120o
TrigonalPlanar
120o
2s 2px 2pz
Formaldehyde Oxygen
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Formaldehyde
2 Lone Pairs
Sigma bond
? bond
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Hydrogen Cyanide
HCN
H
N
C
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2s
2px
2pz
2py
1s
sp sp
Hybridized
Promoted
sp
Linear
2s 2px
Hydrogen Cyanide Carbon
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2s
2px
2pz
2py
1s
sp sp
Hybridized
sp
Linear
2s 2px
Hydrogen Cyanide Nitrogen
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Hydrogen Cyanide
HCN
N
C
? bond
Sigma bond
? bond
N
H
C
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PCl5
Phosphorus Pentachloride
Cl
P
Cl
Cl
Cl
P
Cl
Cl
VSEPR
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sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d
Neon
3s
3px
3pz
3py
2
dxz dyz dxy dx2-y2 dz2
Hybridized
90o
Promoted
120o
TrigonalBipyrimidal
120o
Phosphorus Pentachloride Phosphorus
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P
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UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES
PREDICTED BY VSEPR
H
H
C
H
H
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS