Population of Rome

1
Population of Rome

• 5th Century 120,000 male, adult citizens
• 4th Century 160,000
• 3rd Century 300,000
• 1st Century 900,000
• 1st Century AD 4,000,000-7,000,000

2
133-30 BC Entrenched Problems

• Latifundia large estates (and labor problems,
  filled by POWs out of Romes wars)
• Slave Revolts (134-31, 104-100, 73-71)
• Grain Dole
• Unemployment at Rome
• Italian Allies Franchise issue
• Large Standing Army spread around the
  Mediterranean
• Difficulty of Administrating Empire
• e.g. Jugurtha in Numidia/Mithradates in Asia
  Minor
• Maintenance of Mos Maiorum

3
Gracchus Gracchus Power of the Tribune

• challenged authority of Senate
• appealed to people for support
  (Populares)
• tried to give franchise to Italians
• redistribution of land (Agrarian Reform)
• redistribution of land
• voting rights for Italians
• control price of grain in Rome
• jury pool from Equites (Knights) class
• soldiers clothing bought with public
  expense

4
(No Transcript)
5
Marius vs Sulla

• Jugurtha, King of Numidia
• Massinissa, Js grandfather
• Micipsa, Js uncle
• 134 BC Assisted Scipio Aemilianus
• 112 J 2 cousins inherit kingship
• War with Rome
• Marius (quaestor, Sulla) comes to fore

6

• Marius in North Africa and Gaul
• New Army
• Successive consulships
• Political efforts
• Social Wars 91-88 BC
• Sulla is hero and elected consul
• Mithridates in Asia
• Sulla given command, but Marius mingling
  in politics again with Sulpicius Rufus
• Sulla recalled from command

7

• 1st Civil War - Sulla marches on Rome
• 2nd Civil War Marius Cinna march on Rome
• Reign of Terror
• Sulla marches back takes Rome and initiates
  longer Reign of Terror with PROSCRIPTIONS
• 82-79 BC Sulla holds continuous dictatorship

8
Sullas Changes

• Military colonies (filled with his veterans)
• Restoration of Senatorial powers
• Weakening of Assembly (requires Senatorial
  approval for any legislation)
• Weakening Tribuneship limited to intercession
• Reformed judicial system standing courts and
  Senatorial juries

9
48 years of struggle left - Triumvirates

• 1st Triumvirate Pompey, J. Caesar, Crassus
  (60-49 BC)
• 2nd Triumvirate Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus
  (43-31 BC)
• Power lies with the army.

10
Octavian left alive.

• Pax Augusta