October 28, 2005

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October 28, 2005
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It is an environmentally safe, less expensive
replacement for caustic soda that provides many
valuable benefits in wastewater collection and
treatment.
Produced from natural deposits or extracted from
seawater, Thioguard solves many of the problems
facing wastewater professionals today.
Thioguard is Mg(OH)2, milk of magnesia.
Thioguard is a registered trademark of Premier
Chemicals and is patented for use in municipal
collection systems under U.S. patent numbers
5,718,944 - 5,833,864 - 5,554,355 - 5,834,075,
6,056,997
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Were an industry leader in the production and
application of Magnesia Specialty Chemicals.
Premier has been in the business for over 50
years.
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Premier ChemicalsLocations

• Headquarters
• Philadelphia, PA
• Manufacturing Facilities
• Port St. Joe, FL
• Gabbs, NV
• Brownsville, TX
• York, PA
• Toll Manufacturing
• Santa Fe Springs, CA
• Phoenix, AZ
• New Bern, NC
• Sales Office
• Cleveland, Ohio

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• Biological, Chemical and Bio-chemical
  Interactions and Mechanisms

The Culmination of 20 Years of Magnesia Field
Application and Research in Wastewater Treatment
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In general, municipal wastewater treatment plants
and collection systems operate better under
proper, stable pH with lower acidity and adequate
alkalinity.
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Alkalinity contributes to the properties of
wastewater, many of which positively affect the
physical, biological and chemical processes
required for treatment.
For example
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Nitrification

• Every molecule of ammonia-N requires one
  molecule of alkalinity.
• 1 mg/L NH4-N 7.14 mg/L CaCO3
• 5.50 mg/L NaOH

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Acidity, Alkalinity pH
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The term pH stands for the power of Hydrogen
pH is a measurement of the free hydrogen ion in
a solution.
pH -log H
pOH -logOH-
pH pOH 14
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Commercial Sources of Alkalinity (OH-) Na, Ca,
Mg and K
1A
Monovalent
Divalent
1
H
2A
NaOH KOH
Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2
3
4
Li
Be
11
12
Magnesium AN 12, AM 24.312
Sodium AN 11, AM 22.989
Na
Mg
Calcium AN 20, AM 40.08
Potassium AN 19, AM 39.102
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20
K
Ca
37
38
Rb
Sr
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Commercially Available Options

• Caustic Soda NaOH
• Despite hazardous handling, environmental
  concerns, and wide price fluctuations, it has
  been the most commonly used acid neutralization
  reagent for industrial or municipal purposes.
  NaOH has been favored for ease of application and
  soluble by-products.
• Lime Slurry - Ca(OH)2
• Commonly used for settling, alkalinity, metals
  removal, and biosolids handling. Limited because
  of hazardous handling, equipment requirements and
  insoluble by-products. Not recommended for
  municipal wastewater addition.
• Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
• Milk of Magnesia is a safe, cost-effective
  alternative to caustic soda and lime. Safer
  handling, better cost stability, soluble
  by-products and measurable benefits increase its
  attractiveness for wastewater applications
  compared with NaOH and lime.

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Solubilities and Stoichiometry
For 50 mg/L Mg(OH)2 Equivalence
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Properties of Bases
Mg(OH)2 provides non-toxic, non-carbonate source
of slowly released (on demand) alkalinity
Property 50 NaOH 30 Ca(OH)2 60 Mg(OH)2
Hydroxide 42.5 45.9
60.3 Solubility (H2O, g/100ml)
42 0.185 0.0009 Per million gallons
1750 tons 7.7 tons 75 lbs Reactive
pH 14 12.5 9.0 Freezing
Point F 61 32
32 Weight Equivalency 1.37 1.25
1
9.0
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One Truckload of 50 Thioguard
1.37 Truckloads of 50 NaOH
1 Ton of Thioguard 1.37 Tons of Caustic Soda
Its not only less expensive, it provides many
more benefits.
At say 400/ton, Thioguard costs 292 on an
equivalent use basis.
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Unlike other alkali choices, Thioguard contains
slowly dissolving Mg(OH)2 particles. These
particles have high surface pH and high surface
area, but relatively low solubility.
(Surface area nearly 1 acre per gallon).
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Undissolved magnesium hydroxide particles react
directly with H2S converting H2S to magnesium
polysulfide.
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Nitrification

• Every molecule of ammonia-N requires one molecule
  of alkalinity.
• 1 mg/L NH4-N 7.14 mg/L CaCO3
• 5.50 mg/L NaOH
• 4.16 mg/L Mg(OH)2

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Caustic Soda Addition
Because it is highly soluble, caustic causes
HOT zones near the addition point.
pH distributions across a basin are less stable
and contribute to variability away from optimal
biological operating conditions.
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With Thioguard
With Thioguard, an even distribution of
alkalinity and pH balance provides a bacteria
friendly working environment.
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Thioguard
Total System Treatment
Added directly to wastewater it stops odors,
corrosion and grease buildup (FOG) that cause
blockages (SSOs), and sewer failures.
And Magnesia is environmentally safe, saves
chemical costs, improves wastewater treatment and
discharge water quality.
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Scrubbers/ Filters
AIR
WATER
ADD THIOGUARD TST
Effluent
Disinfection
Odors Chemicals Energy
Odors, Corrosion Chemical Efficiency UV Efficiency
SAR Plant Efficiency
Headworks Bar Screen Grit Chamber
Primary Clarifier
Aeration Basin Bio-Reactor
Secondary Clarifier
Collection System
Process Efficiency Capacity
Odors CorrosionSettling FOG
Odors CorrosionSettling FOG
Odors Corrosion Fats, Oils, Grease
Odors Corrosion
Digestion
Odors Corrosion Process
Typical Wastewater Treatment Concerns
When added in the collection system, Thioguard
TST can reduce odors and corrosion system-wide
and improve overall treatment plant performance.
Bio-Solids Processing
Odors Dewatering Conditioning Disposal
Land Application
SOLIDS
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Benefits To The Plant

• Odors
• FOG
• Loading control
• Aeration
• Foaming
• SVI (filaments)
• Effluent quality
• Clarifier denitrification

• Inhibited nitrification
• Filter performance
• Chlorine demand
• Stable disinfection
• Improves digestion
• Biosolids handling and disposal cost
• Energy cost

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• Without Thioguard
• FOG Accumulation
• Odors
• Pin Floc
• Floc Carryover
• High MLSS
• High VSS

• With Thioguard
• Reduced FOG
• Marked Odor Decrease
• Better Clarification and Settleability
• Improved VSS Reduction
• Increased Sludge Blanket Density
• Improved O2 Efficiency

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Divalent Cation Bridging
Negatively charged sites on exocellular
biopolymer are bridged by divalent cations such
as Ca2 and Mg2 This bridging helps to
stabilize and strengthen the microbe-biopolymer
floc matrix
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Mg2 affects bioflocculation or aggregation of
microbes.
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Divalent Cations Compete With Monovalent Ions For
Sites on Exocellular Biopolymers








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Divalent Bridging Improves Floc Matrix





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FOG
Floating on the water surface, low density FOGs
are less accessible to bacteria for
digestion. Broken down into glycerols and
organic salts by Thioguard, FOGs are more evenly
distributed throughout a body of water and more
accessible to bacteria. NOTE Excess pH during
the saponification process can lead to insoluble
soap salts.
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Saponification
Thioguard slowly releases hydroxyl ions which
breakdown low-density, large-chain fatty acids
(FOG) into glyerol and various types of soap,
both of which are more readily digested by
bacteria in wastewater.
OH-
Low-density, long-chain fatty acids accumulate on
the water surface of low velocity structures and
can build up on pipe walls causing occlusion and
eventually SSOs.
OH-
The soaps that are produced further facilitate
the breakdown of accumulated blankets by
solubilizing FOGs.
OH-
FATTY ACID
GLYCEROL
TG HYDROXYL IONS
CARBOXYLATE SALTS - SOAP
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FOG causes odor, increases maintenance costs and
contributes to SSOs.
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Most systems require only 30 Gal/MGD for adequate
treatment.
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American wastewater systems currently require 12
billion a year more than available funds to
replace failing infrastructure.
And the shortfall is increasing every year
American Society Of Civil Engineers U.S. Water
Infrastructure Needs 3/28/01
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In 1977 the clean water act increased treatment
requirements for municipal wastewater.
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This legislation required secondary treatment and
it has contributed to subtle, but important
changes in wastewater chemical needs.
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Today, wastewater infrastructure is often subject
to about one order of magnitude more acid
corrosion than before 1980.
Data provided by the City of Los Angeles
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In 2000 the EPA estimated municipal sewers
subject to corrosion were failing six times
faster than the rate theyre being repaired.
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By 2016 the EPA now expects more than 50 of the
countrys 600,000 miles of major sewer lines will
be in poor, very poor or inoperable condition.
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When the dissolved oxygen concentration falls
below 0.1 mg/l, the water becomes septic.
Other bacteria present in the water convert
sulfates to sulfides. This causes the rotten egg
smell, hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S).
Bacteria in the wastewater consume oxygen.
Wastewater
O2
O2
pH 7 D.O.lt0.1 mg/l
O2
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In water at pH 7, about 50 of the dissolved
sulfide converts to H2S gas.
Skip
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And virtually nothing is being done to stop it
from happening.
This acid corrosion, not aging, then dissolves
the infrastructure.
On the surfaces above the water, H2S gas is
converted to strong sulfuric acid by Thiobacillus
bacteria.
H2S
O2 H2SO4
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Once rebar is exposed, the sewer is structurally
compromised.
Collapses routinely occur when preventable
corrosion is allowed to continue unchecked.
H2S
O2 H2SO4
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Corrosive surface conditions are can easily be
detected using a simple, inexpensive surface pH
test.
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Unfortunately, it is rarely being done. Rather,
most cities implement expensive CCTV, coring and
capital intensive system evaluations.
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Take home message
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Surface pHtells the whole story
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Red is bad, green is good.
7 Neutral Above 7 Basic Below 7 Acidic
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Years of Life (2 of sacrificial concrete)
Surface
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Sewer design life is generally based on 100 years
of useful service.
Surface pH 4 Life Cycle 100 yrs
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gt200 years of corrosion life
7
6
5
100 years of useful life
4
3
2
8
20
50
100
200
Years of useful life
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1250
When the surface pH falls below four, sewer life
cycle costs increase exponentially
For example, the difference in annual cost
between surface pH 4 and 2 is
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Surface pH of two or lower is now common.
But most cities (or consulting firms) dont
measure for it.
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Red is bad, green is good. What color is your
system?
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Recall this slide showing the relationship
between wastewater pH and hydrogen sulfide gas?
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The amount of gas produced is affected by the
wastewater pH. Higher pH less gas.
Mg(OH)2 (S) ? Mg 2 2OH- OH- causes a
shift in the soluble sulfide equilibrium
H2S ? H HS-
Wastewater
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Hydrogen Sulfide Performance
X
Thioguard
X
H2S Gas
X
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Thioguard extends the useful life of the system
while controlling odors and FOG
Corrosion which limits system life expectancy
X
X
X
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Typical Reduction in Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
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Corrosion Rate Vs. Wastewater pH
Without Thioguard
Corrosion
gt 80 Less Corrosion
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The Benefits of Thioguard Addition

System Wide Corrosion Control
System Wide Odor Control
System Wide FOG Control
Treatment Enhancement Effluent Quality and Plant
Capacity - BOD, COD, SVI, TSS, MLSS, MLVSS, RAS,
DOC
Biosolids Volume and Disposal
Safety and Compliance
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In the greater Los Angeles area alone, Thioguard
is used to treat nearly 200 million gallons per
day
Approximately 150 direct addition sites.
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Thioguard has proven cost effective and has now
been accepted for wastewater system treatment by
over 60 cities across the U.S.
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Thioguard is safe for personnel, the environment
and the wastewater system.
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