The effects of

1

• The effects of
• mens labor migration
• on rural womens socioeconomic conditions, social
  networks, and reproductive behavior
• in Armenia
• (preliminary results of a sociological study)

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Prepared by

• Victor Agadjanian, PhD
• Cecilia Menjívar, PhD
• Arizona State University, USA
• Gohar Shahnazaryan, PhD
• Sociology Masters students
• Yerevan State University

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Conceptual framework and research questions

• How does husbands migration affect
• Households material conditions?
• Womens economic activities?
• Marriage and family dynamics?
• Womens social ties?
• Womens health, reproductive behavior and plans?
• Womens gender roles and attitudes?
• Psychological issues and religion?

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The study design

• Funded by a grant from Arizona State University
  Institute for Social Science Research and the
  School of Social and Family Dynamics
• Conducted as part of a Masters level
  Sociological Practicum course
• Students involved in all stages of the project
  (including this presentation!)
• It is a pilot study which (hopefully) will lead
  to a larger study

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The Study Design (cont.)

• The study was conducted in rural areas of two
  marzesTavush and Ararat
• Tavusha poorer, more economically depressed
  marz, with a high level of out-migration.
• Ararata more affluent and economically dynamic
  marz, closer to Yerevan, less out-migration
• Data collection
• Carried out in late September-October 2005, i.e.
  just before most seasonal migrants return home
• A probability survey of 1040 married women in 52
  villages
• A community (village) survey
• Qualitative in-depth interviews with 27 women
  whose husbands are current migrants or were in
  migration in 2005
• All participants received a symbolic gift (coffee
  chocolate)

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Ararat
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Tavush
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Ararat
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Tavush
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The Survey Sampling

• 26 villages in each marz (52 in total) were
  selected with the probability proportional to
  estimated population size
• Within each village, the goal was to interview
  20 married women aged 18-45 10 whose husbands
  are current/recent migrants and 10 whose husbands
  are not current/recent migrants
• In each village, 10 interviewers, 2 interviews
  per interviewer
• In each village, 10 first addresses were
  selected randomly from the village household
  lists
• The remaining 10 (or more if prior non-response)
  addresses were selected using a random walking
  algorithm.
• Important the survey was not meant to produce a
  representative migration profile of the rural
  population but to compare women whose husbands
  are migrants and those whose husbands are not
  migrants.

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Sampling (cont.)

• Locating second respondent
• If the first respondent is married to a
  non-migrant, the second should be one married to
  a migrant (and vice versa)
• If no respondent of desired migration status is
  found at fifth house, the residents are asked
  where the nearest woman with a migrant husband
  lives. That woman is interviewed.
• If in the fifth visited residence no one knows
  where a woman with desired characteristics lives,
  the interviewer goes to a next residence
  following the same algorithm to interview a
  married woman regardless of her migration status.
  

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Sampling (cont.)

• Challenges
• Availability of household rosters if not
  available, we selected starting points in
  different parts of the village
• Availability of people (many are busy in the
  fields, working, attending events, etc.)
• Availability of migrants, especially in Tavush
• Migration as a family or by unmarried men
• ????? by married men relatively uncommon
• Migrant households are spatially clustered
• Resulting sample
• 62 Non-migrants 38 Migrants
• Lower percentage of migrants in Tavush than in
  Ararat
• Why? A different pattern of migration

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Survey instrument

• Five parts
• Respondents demographic characteristics
• Marriage and husbands characteristics (including
  husbands migration)
• Health and reproduction
• Social ties and community
• Gender attitudes
• Household characteristics and time-use

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Fieldwork Challenges and solutions

• Timing of fieldwork Weekendsto maximize
  availability of both respondents and
  interviewers, but
• In rural areas weekends are no less busy that
  weekdays, especially during the harvest time ?
  Whenever possible, the selected households were
  revisited until the respondent is available
• Elections in some villages and related village
  politics ? We emphasized that our study had
  nothing to do with politics
• Unavailability of community leaders on weekends ?
  We notified them in advance about our study. In a
  few cases, no advance contact could be
  established and no residential lists could be
  obtained.
• Interviewer-Respondent Age difference no
  apparent effect
• Interviewer-Respondent cultural background
  differences no apparent effects
• Some respondents thought we represent the health
  services

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Fieldwork Challenges and solutions (cont.)

• Some thought we represented social assistance
  agencies and expected assistance (or saw threat
  to assistance they were already receiving) ?
  underreporting of wealth, income?
• Some women suspected that we represented
  religious organizations We emphasized that we
  dont
• Yet, overall the refusal rate was very low
• Questionnaire content
• Some items were culturally difficult
• Abstract questions
• Notions of work and working
• Questions dealing with social interactions and
  ties
• Question on sexual violence
• Recall problems age, year/month of events,
  number of repeated events
• Underreporting income, help from/to others,
  cooperation

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Community survey

• Collected by supervisors from ????????? or
  secretary
• General demographic characteristics
• Economic characteristics
• Living conditions and services
• Assessment of labor out-migration

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Survey data processing

• CSPro software
• Designed by the US Census Bureau and Micro
  International
• Widely used for survey data processing (including
  in Armenia)
• Convenient interface, supports Armenian fonts
• Elaborate system of filters and checks
• Available free of charge on the Internet
• Regularly updated
• On-line technical support is free and efficient
• Double-entry to ensure quality

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Qualitative (in-depth) interviews

• 27 women married to migrants in both marzes (two
  villages in Tavush and one in Ararat)
• The interview guide followed the themes and
  topics of the survey but explored them in greater
  depth
• Most interviews were tape-recorded and
  transcribed verbatim

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Qualitative (in-depth) interviews (cont.)

• Interview guide to complement and expand on the
  survey
• Main themes
• Marriage
• Children
• Work
• Religion
• Social networks

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Qualitative (in-depth) interviews Challenges and
solutions

• Content issue
• Women tend to answer yes and no
• Women want to please the interviewers
• Women were afraid of tape-recording of interviews
• Second visit
• Cultural differences
• Building rapport with respondents

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Data analysis survey

• Descriptive and bivariate explorations
• Migrants vs. Non-Migrants comparisonMigrants
  
• Definitions of migrants
• Husband was in migration 3 months or more, or
• Husband is current migrant or return less than a
  month ago
• Ararat vs. Tavush comparison
• Separate analyses for migrants only
• Multivariate analysesto establish net effect of
  husbands migration on outcomes of interest OLS
  regression, Poisson regression, and logistic
  regression
• Analyses are done using SPSS and SAS

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Data analysis survey (cont.)

• Demographics
• Economic conditions
• Health
• Reproduction
• Social ties
• Migration attitudes and prospects
• Decision-making and gender attitudes

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Migrants vs. non-Migrants Demographics

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Womans age (mean) 36.6 33.0
• Age difference (husband-wife) 4.4 4.6
• Age at first marriage (mean) 19.7 20.0
• Officially registered marriage () 93.1 85.0
• Womans educational level ()
• Incomplete secondary 5.3 7.3
• Complete secondary 42.2 47.4
• Secondary special 44.2 35.6
• Incomplete or complete higher 8.3 9.8
• Educational differences husb-wife ()
• Wife more educated 26.4 30.4
• Equally educated 51.4 45.0
• Husband more educated 22.1 24.6

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Migrants vs. non-Migrants Demographics
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Income and economic activities

• Migrant Non-migrant
• HH total income (D/month) (mean) 78200 55200
• In Ararat 89500 66200
• In Tavush 58800 46200
• HH income per head (mean) 14900 10200
• In Ararat 17200 12600
• In Tavush 11200 8230
• Woman works for income () 14.7 16.6
• Womans monthly earnings (mean) 28500 24000
• (n152)
• Took loan from a bank() 26.1 22.4

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HH material characteristics

• Migrant Non-migrant
• Rooms used for sleeping (mean) 2.4 2.3
• Residents per room (mean) 2.7 2.7
• Household owns a car () 28.5 41.4
• HH owns a refrigerator () 74.4 74.9
• HH owns a color TV () 87.4 78.1
• HH owns a video or DVD () 46.8 33.7
• HH owns gas or elect. stove () 76.2 69.6
• Woman owns a cell phone () 18.7 9.6
• Woman ate meat in past wk () 50.0 56.3

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Agricultural possessions

• Migrant Non-migrant
• Household owns agr. land () 90.8 87.8
• Size of own land, in ha (mean) .54 .74
• Household rents agr. land () 10.4 13.9
• HH sells/exchanges produce () 36.9 39.0
• Household owns cows () 29.9 38.4

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Perceptions of economic conditions

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Perceived HH wealth relative to
• most HH in village ()
• Most other are wealthier 23.2 21.4
• Most other are poorer 15.7 17.0
• Most are about the same 61.2 61.6
• HH econ. conditions will improve
• in a year () 45.0 37.5

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Migrants vs. Non-migrants Health

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Assessment of own health
• Good 16.0 23.2
• Average 58.9 58.4
• Bad 25.1 18.4
• Has a serious health problem or
• disability () 47.8 39.6
• Health worsened in past yr () 41.7 35.4
• Was sick in bed at least once in
• past year () 54.3 43.4
• Had to see doctor in past yr () 35.1 33.0
• Youngest child was sick in past 44.6 45.7
• 3 months

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Migrants vs. non-Migrants Reproduction

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Number of children
• ever born (mean) 2.7 2.3
• Explained by differences in age
• Wants to have more children () 14.5 25.9
• Explained by differences in age and number of
  children
• Husband wants more children () 32.0 40.3
• Largely explained by differences in age and
  number of children
• Currently uses family planning () 18.4 47.8

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Migrants vs. non-Migrants Social Capital

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Knows half or more villagers
• by name () 50.0 53.7
• Has own relatives in village () 51.3 57.0
• Has in-laws in village () 83.8 87.0
• Visited in-laws in past week () 60.1 56.8
• Visited non-relatives in past wk ()
• Never 22.5 30.8
• 1-2 times 34.1 30.1
• 3 or more times 43.4 38.4
• Attended one or more weddings
• in village in past year () 66.4 72.3
• Attended one or more funerals
• in village in past year () 66.7 58.2

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Migrants vs. non-Migrants Social Capital

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Socialized w/others last Wed. () 79.6 74.0
• Socialized w/others last Sun. () 78.2 75.9
• Cooperated with other women in past 3 months ()
• In agricultural work 17.7 16.2
• In buying and selling 8.1 6.7
• Making preserves for winter 29.0 26.7
• In any type of cooperation 41.2 36.5
• Participated in community
• projects () 11.1 10.7

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Migrants vs. non-Migrants Social Capital

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Got money from relatives as
• Interest-free loan 8.6 10.4
• Loan with interest 4.0 4.4
• Gift 13.4 11.7
• Got money from in-laws as
• Interest-free loan 11.1 13.4
• Loan with interest 4.1 3.6
• Gift 8.1 11.0
• Got money from others as
• Interest-free loan 10.4 15.4
• Loan with interest 9.6 7.5
• Gift 2.5 3.7

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Migration intentions and expectations

• Migrant Non-Migrant
• Would like to move from
• village () 59.5 53.5
• Would like to move abroad () 7.6 5.6
• Husband will likely to work away 54.8 18.0
• She is likely to go with husband 30.0 53.1
• ( of those whose husbands
• are likely to go)
• Watched Russian-language TV
• in past week 66.7 58.4

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Decision-making and gender attitudes

• Migrant Non-migrant
• Respondent is head of HH 11.8 3.3
• Who made the decision on a major purchase
• Mainly respondent 34.4 12.9
• Mainly husband 33.0 44.7
• Respondent and husband 17.6 24.6
• Others 15.0 17.8
• Only those who reported having made a major
  purchase recently

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Insights From Qualitative Interviews Marriage and
Family

• Marital satisfaction
• ØÝù ɳí Ýù, ãÝ³Û³Í íÇáõÙ Ýù, µ³Ûó ¹ É³í
  Ýù ²ÙáõëÇÝë áõñÇß ÏÝÇÏ, ñ˳
• ãáõÝÇ, ³ëÝù, áõñÇßÝñÇ ÝÙ³Ý ËÉ µ³Ý ãϳ, ÙÝù
  ɳí Ýù
• Changes in family responsibilities resulting from
  migration
• Changes in relationships with husband
• ºñµ ݳ íñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ÏÛ³ÝùÁ ß³ï ɳí, ³ßËáõÛÅ,
  µ³ñÓñ
• ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ,ÙÍ ááñáõÃÛ³Ùµ,³ÙÝ ÇÝã ³ñ¹Ý
  ³ß˳ñÑáõÙ áËíáõÙ
• ,³ÙÝ ÇÝã ³ñóٳÝáõÙ, ÕóϳÝáõÙ, ɳí³ÝáõÙ
  ²ÝÏ³Ë ù½³ÝÇó
• ³ÙÝ ³é³íáï ɳí ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ³ñÃݳÝáõÙ ë, ùá
  ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ñï, ß³ï
• ɳí, ³ñï³Ï³ñ ³ ÙÇ Ëáëùáí, µ³Ûó ñµ ÝáõÙ ³,
  å³ñ½ ³ ³ñ¹Ý.
• Marital (in)fidelity
• ¹³ ÙÇßï É Ñ³ÛñÇ Ùáï ÁݹÑáõÝí³Í ³, áí ãÇ
  ¹³í³³Ýáõ٠γñáñÁ ùá Ùáï
• ³ÉÇë, ñËùǹ, ëÇÙ, ÙÇßï É ³Û¹åë ñÙÝù ã
  áñ åÇïÇ ÙÇ µ³Ý áËÝù

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Marriage and Family (cont.)

• Wifes perceptions of husbands life in migration
• ѳ٠ÇÝùÁ ñËùÇó Ñéáõ ³ ÁÉÝáõÙ, íñçÁ
  Ù½³ÝÇó Ñéáõ ³ ÁÉÝáõÙ, Ç٠ѳٳñ ³íÉÇ ¹Åí³ñ ³
  ÆÝùÁ ÁݹÕ,³ëÝù åïù ³ Çñ³ ѳٳñ ³ß˳ïáõÙ ³, ѳÙ
  Çñ³Ý Éí³óù ³ ³ÝáõÙ, ѳ٠Çñ³Ý ³ß ³ áõÙ, µ³Ûó ¹
  ³íÉÇ Ñ³ñÙ³ñ ÏÉÇÝÇ ÇÝùÁ ëïÕ ÁÉÝÇ, ÇÝùÁ ³ÙÝ
  ÇñÇÏáõÝ ³ Çñ³ ïáõÝ
• Communication with husband while he is away
• ÆÝùÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ËáëáõÙ ³ ñËùÇó, áñ ñËùÇë
  ɳí å³ÑÇ, ÍÝáÕ³óë ɳí å³ÑÇ, ѳñÇ àÝó ù áñÍñÁ
  ³ÝáõÙ, ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõݹ áÝó ³, ¹áõ ù½ ɳí ݳÛÇ, ë
  É ³ëáõÙ Ù, ûï³ñ ïÕÁ ¹áõ ë, ¹áõ ɳí ÉÇÝë
  ØÝù ëïÕ É³í Ýù, ù½ å³ÑÇ, ËݳÛÇ Â åñáµÉÙ ³
  ÉÇÝáõÙ, ³ëáõÙ Ù,ѳñóÝáõÙ Ù, ËáëáõÙ Ýù
• Husbands migration and family decision-making
• Çïë ÇÝã ë ³é³íÉáõÃÛáõÝñ ß³ï áõÝÙ, ÇÙ
  ³ÙáõëÇÝÁ ëÇñáÕ ³ÙáõëÇÝ ³, µ³Ûó Ùñ ѳÛñÇ Ùç
  ÁݹáõÝí³Í , áñ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Á åïù áñáßáõ٠ϳ۳óÝÇ,
  ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ý ³ É˳íáñÁ
• Changes in relationships with kin and in-laws
• ÆÝã áËíÇ (ÉéáõÃÛáõÝ), ÙdzÛÝ ÍÝáÕÝñë ³íÉÇ ß³ï
  Ý ³ÝѳÝëï³ÝáõÙ, ñµ ݳ ³ÛëïÕ ãÇ Â ã ³ÙÝ
  ÇÝã É ÝáõÛÝÝ ÙÝáõÙ â áã ÙÇ ááËáõÃÛáõÝ É
  ãϳ, ÝáõÛÝÝ ³, ÑÁÉÁ ÙÇ µ³Ý É É³í³ÝáõÙ ³
• Womens migration intentions
• ºÃ ÙdzݳÝù ñϳñ ÏÙݳÝù, à ë ÏáÕ ï³ñÇ Ý³Ù
  ÏÙݳ٠²ÙáõëÇÝë ãåÇïÇ ³, åïù ³ ³ ÇÝÓ ëïÕÇó
  ï³ÝÇ, ÙÝù ÁÝ¹Õ ØÇÝíá¹ÇÛáõÙ, ïáõÝ áõÝÝù

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Childbearing and child-rasing

• Children and stability of migrants families
• ³Ûó, ÇïÙ ß³ïñÁ Ï³Ý áõñÇß ÁÝï³ÝÇù Ý ÁݹÕ
  ëïÕËáõÙ,ñ˳ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ Ý, ѳëϳÝáõÙ Ù, µ³Ûó
  áÝ ñ˳ ãåïù áõÝݳÝ, áõ ëïÕÇ Ù³ëÇÝ É
  ãÙáé³Ý³Ý ºñËùÇÝ å³ÑÝ, ûÝÝ, ÙÏ ÙÏ ³Ý,
  ïëÝÝ, ñËùÁ Ñáñ ϳñÇùÁ áõÝÝ , åÇïÇ ÑñÁ
  ¹³ëïÇñ³ÏÇ, áÝ ÙÇ ùÇã, ÇÝã áõ½áõÙ Ý ³ÝÝ ÙݳÏ
  ñËùÇÝ ãÃáÕÝÝ, ãÙáé³Ý³Ý ØÏ ÙÏ ³Ý ñËùÇ
  Ùáï
• Childrens socialization
• ܳ áÝó áñ ³ñëÇí ¹³ñÓ³Í ÉÇÝÇ, Ýñí³ÛÇÝ ³, ÇÝùÁ
  ß³ï ѳÝÇëï ñ˳ , ñµ ѳÛñÁ ³ëïÕ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ,
  µ³Ûó ÇÝã ѳÛñÁÝáõÙ ³ ë ñË³Ý áÝó áñ ³ÙÝ ÇÝãÇó
  ß³ï ßáõï Ýñí³ÛݳÝáõÙ ³, à áÕáóáõÙ ÇÝã áñ ÙÏÁ
  Çñ³Ý ÏåÝáõÙ ³ Ñݳñ³íáñ ãÇ áñ ãËÇ, ß³ï ßáõï ³
  µéÝÏíáõÙ, ÇëÏ áñ ѳÛñÇÏÁ ³ÛëïÕ ³ Ýñ³ ÏáÕùÇó ïÕ
  ãÇ ÝáõÙ,Ýñ³Ý ÉëáõÙ ³ , µ³óÇ ³Û¹ Ñáñ
  ¹³ëïdzñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ï ³íÉÇ ß³ï ³ ³ÝÑñ³Åßï
  ïÕ³ÛÇÝ, ù³Ý ÙáñÁ
• Children and work
• ºñµ ³ÙáõëÇÝÝñÁ ëïÕ ãÝ, ß³ï ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝñáõÙ
  ÑáëÁ ÁÝÏ³Í ñ˳ÝñÇ áõëñÇÝ ÆëÏ ¹³, ³ëÝù
  Ã, Ýå³ëïáõÙ ñ˳ÝñÇ ãëáíáñÉáõÝ, Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ãÝ
  áõÝÝáõÙ, Çëϳåë Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ãÝ áõÝÝáõÙ Ùñ
  ñ˳ÝñÁ ¹³ë ëáíáñÉáõ, áñáíÑï ÙÇ ûñ, ³ëÝù,
  Ëáï ÑÝÓÉáõ Ý ÝáõÙ, ÙÇ ûñ ϳñïáßϳ ù³ËѳÝÉáõ
  ¾¹ µáÉáñ ïë³ÏÇ ÑáëñÁ ÍÝáÕÝñÇ Ñï ñ˳ÝñÝ Ý
  ³ÝáõÙ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý å³ï³éáí ³,
  ³é³çÇÝ ÑñÃÇÝ, ųٳݳÏÇó ßáõï ÙͳÝáõÙ Ý,
  Ù³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ ùÇã Ý ïëÝáõÙ, ³íÉÇ ß³ï áÕáó Ý
  ÁÝÏÝáõÙ.

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Womens Work

• Womens work outside the home any changes due to
  migration?
• Husbands continuing control over wives work
  outside the home
• ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹åñáóÝ ³... ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ³,
  à áõñÇß áñÍ ÉÇÝÇ ³ÙáõëÇÝë ãÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝíÇ
  ...ÇÝùÁ ÙÇßï ѳñÝóáõÙ ³, áõñ ë ÝáõÙ, áñ
  ųÙÇÝ ë ïáõÝ ³ÉÇë
• ºñÇ ³ß˳ïÉÁ Çßï ³, áñ óñíë ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Å³Ùáí
  ³éûñÛ³ áñÍñÇó
• Womens work at home
• Þ³ï ¹Åí³ñ ³åñáÕÝñ ϳÝ... ë ½áõÙ Ù ÏáÕùÇó,
  ß³ï- ß³ï Ý ã³ñã³ñíáõÙ, ã³ñã³ñ³ÝùÝñ ë ß³ï ãÙ
  ïëÉ
• Women add husbands responsibilities to their own
• Women seek help from relatives or hire help

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Social Networks

• Continuity and change in the relationships with
• Relatives and in-laws
• ºñµ ÇÝùÁ ëïÕ ³, µ³ñϳÙÝñÇ Ñï ³íÉÇ ß³ï Ù
  ßíáõÙ, Ùͳٳë³Ùµ ÇÝùÝ ³
• ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ, à ³ñÇ Ý³Ýù, µ³Ûó áñ ÇÝùÁ ëïÕ ãÇ
  ³ëáõÙ ë, ÙÇ ùÇã ùÇã ßíÙ, ÙÇ ùÇã å³ëÇí
• å³ÑÙ
• ëÇÙ, Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³íÉÇ ³½³ï ñÇ, ³ëÝù, áõ½áõÙ
  ë µ³ñϳÙÇ ïáõÝ ³ÛóÉë, Ý
• Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³íÉÇ ³½³ï ³, ÑÇÙ³ ã, áÝó áñ ãáõ½Ý³ë,
  áñ ÇÝùÁ ëïÕ ãÇ
• Àݹѳϳé³ÏÁ, ³íÉÇ ³½³ï Ý, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõ
  ÝñϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãϳ, ѳñ³ÝÝñÇ Ñï ßáõÙÁ
• ³íÉÇ ³½³ï ³, ³Ýϳßϳݹ ³, ï³ÝÁ ëå³ëáÕ ãáõÝÇ,
  ËáëáÕ ãáõÝÇ, ٳݳí³Ý¹, áñ ÙÍÇ ïÕ ãÇ,
• µ³Ûó ¹ áñ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Á ï³ÝÝ ³ ÁÉÝÁÙ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõó åÇïÇ
  ù³ßíÝ
• Neighbors
• ³ëÉÁ ³ëë ϳñáÕ ³ ÙÏÁ áõñ³Ë³Ý³, ÙÏÁ ïËñÇ,
  Ï³Ù É ë ÇÙ ëÏëáõñÇó ÇÝã-áñ ÙÏÇó
• µáÕáùóÇ, ÇÝã åïù ³ ³ÝÇ, ÙÏÁ ÙÇ áõñÇß ïÕ ³ëÇ,
  ÙÏÁ ÙÇ áõñÇß ïÕ ³ñ¹Ý ³ëÏáëÝñÁ
• ß³ï³ÝáõÙ ³
• Friends
• ÀÝÏñáõÑÇÝñ É áõÝÙ ¹åñáó³Ï³Ý ³Ûó Çñ³Ýó Ñï
  ÑÇÙ³ ß³ï ãÙ ßíáõÙ, áõß-áõß Ýù ßíáõÙ,
• Ý É ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Ñé³Ëáëáí Æñ³Ýù É Ý ÑÇÙ³
  ³Ùáõëݳó³Í, Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ãáõÝÝ, ï³Ý

43
Religion and psychological issues

• The meaning of faith and religion before and
  after husbands migration
• Worries about husbands health and safety
• Religion as a source of emotional support
• гí³ïÁ ϳñáñ , áñáíÑï ñµ ïÕÝñë ÙÇ ùÇã
  ÝÕ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ³ëáõÙ Ù í³Û ²ëïí³Í ç³Ý, ÃáÕ
  ³ÙáõëÇÝë ßáõï íñ³¹³éݳ
• ÆÝãåë ñ˳ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù³ÛñÁ ï³ÝÁ ãÇ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ÇÝÓ
  ѳٳñ É ÇÝùÁ ï³ÝÁ ãÇ. ݳ ÇÙ ÙÇ³Ï Ñ³ñ³½³ïÁ
• Psychological problems loneliness, sense of
  insecurity, uncertainty about the future,
  nerves
• ܳÛÇ, í³ÉñdzݳÛÇ ¹ÕÇÝ Ïá³ÏÝñÁ ¹ñ³Í Ý ÝïÕ,
  ë ³ÙÝ Çßñ åÇïÇ ËÙÙ, áñ ùÝÙ, ÇëÏ áñ ÇÝùÁ
  ëïÕ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ ¹ ¹ÕÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ãÙ É Ùï³ÍáõÙ

44
Future steps

• Further analyses, including multivariate analyses
  of survey data
• Cross-sectional survey data ? limited causal
  inferences
• Data and results through the Internet
• Based on results and lessons learned, designing
  and implementing a larger new study (pending
  funding)