Part 7 The Search For Order

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Part 7The Search For Order

• The Challenge of Disorder

2
Part Outline

• Chapter 23 Politics, Power, and Violence
• Chapter 24 Spirituality, Religion, and the
  Supernatural
• Chapter 25 The Arts

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Chapter 23

• Politics, Power, and Violence

4
Chapter Outline

• How are power and political organizations
  different?
• How are social and political order formed and
  maintained?
• How do political systems obtain popular support?

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Kinds Of Political Systems

• Uncentralized systems
• Bands
• Tribes
• Centralized systems
• Chiefdoms
• States

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Types Of Political Organization Membership
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Types Of Political Organization Membership
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Types Of Political Organization Government
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Types Of Political Organization Government
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Types Of Political Organization Economy
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Types Of Political Organization Society
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Types Of Political Organization Society
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Bands

• Small group of politically independent, though
  related, households.
• The least complicated form of political
  organization.
• Found among nomadic societies.
• Small, numbering at most a few hundred people.

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Bands

• No need for formal political systems.
• Decisions are made with the participation of
  adult members, with an emphasis on achieving
  consensus.
• Those unable to get along with others of their
  group move to another group where kinship ties
  give them rights of entry.

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Tribes

• Tribes consist of small, autonomous local
  communities, which form alliances for various
  purposes.
• Economy based on crop cultivation or herding.
• Population densities generally exceed 1 person
  per square mile.
• Leadership among tribes is informal.

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Chiefdoms

• The chief is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of
  people.
• The office of the chief is usually for life and
  often hereditary.
• The chiefs authority serves to unite his people
  in all affairs and at all times.
• Highly unstable as lesser chiefs try to take
  power from higher ranking chiefs.

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State

• The most formal of political organizations.
• Political power is centralized in a government,
  which may use force to regulate the affairs of
  its citizens and its relations with other states.
• Since their first appearance 5,000 years ago,
  states have shown a tendency toward instability
  and transience.

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Political Leadership and Gender

• Women have enjoyed political equality with men in
  a number of societies
• Iroquoian tribes of New York State - men held
  office at the pleasure of women, who appointed
  them and could remove them.
• Igbo of Nigeria - women held positions that
  paralleled and balanced that of the men.

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Internalized Controls

• Self-imposed by individuals.
• Rely on such deterrents as shame, fear of divine
  punishment, and magical retaliation.
• Although bands and tribes rely heavily upon them,
  they are generally insufficient by themselves.

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Externalized Controls

• Mix cultural and social control.
• Positive sanctions reward appropriate behavior.
• Negative sanctions punish behavior.

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Functions of Law

• Defines relationships among a societys members
  and behavior under different circumstances.
• Allocates authority to employ coercion to enforce
  sanctions.
• Redefines social relations and aids its own
  efficient operation by ensuring it allows change.

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Settling Disputes

• A dispute may be settled in two ways
• Negotiation - the parties to the dispute reach an
  agreement with or without the help of a third
  party.
• Adjudication - An authorized third party issues
  a binding decision.