Organizations: Definitions

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Organizations Definitions

• State-A organizational unit or group of allied
  units that maintain a military force capable of
  fighting conventional battles.
• Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military
  organization that is not sufficiently strong to
  confront the military of a state in a
  conventional battle.
• Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is
  not sufficiently strong to maintain an
  identifiable group for an extended time.

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Examples of States

• State-A organizational unit or group of allied
  units that maintain a military force capable of
  fighting conventional battles
• United States
• Axis in WWII Germany, Italy and Japan
• According to this definition not all nations are
  states

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American Guerrilla Francis Marion

• Called the Swamp Fox
• Carried out raids through South Carolina in the
  Revolution
• Wrote book on guerrilla war
• Promises that you make to yourself are often like
  the Japanese plum tree - they bear no fruit.

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American Guerrilla George Washington

• The Indispensable Man
• Kept American forces from defeat during Revolution

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Confederate Guerrilla John Mosby

• Called the Gray Ghost
• Captured Union General Edwin H. Stoughton
• Led partisans in northern Virginia

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Confederate Guerrilla William C. Quantrill

• Massacred males in Lawrence, Kansas

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Apache Guerrilla Geronimo

• Bedonkohe Apache leader of the Chiricahua Apache,
  led his people's defense of their homeland
  against the U.S. military after the death of
  Cochise.
• In 1886 Geronimo and a small band brokeout.
  5,000 white soldiers and 500 Indian auxiliaries
  were employed at various times in the capture of
  the Apaches. Five months and 1,645 miles later,
  Geronimo was tracked to his camp in Mexico's
  Sonora mountains.

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Communist Guerrilla Mao

• Led Long March
• Fought Kuomintang and the Japanese
• Saw Peoples War progressing to conventional
  war
• Leading guerilla war theorist

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Communist Guerrilla Tito

• Fought Nazi takeover of Yugoslavia
• Became dictator

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Communist Guerrilla Che Guevera

• Home-schooled, read Marx, Engels, Freud
• Argentine physician, worked in leper colony
• Second in command when Castro deposed Batista

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Communist Guerrilla Che Guevera

• Urged Castro towards Communism
• Broke with Castro, Soviets, moves towards Maoism
  and anarchism
• Killed in failed guerrilla war in Bolivia
• "It is better to die standing than to live on
  your knees."

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Communist Guerrilla Carlos Fonscea

• Legendary Sandinista National Liberation Front of
  Nicaragua (FSLN) leader
• Ideological leader of the Sandinistas
• Killed by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1976
• Matidle Zimmermann wrote biography

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Communist Guerrillas Ho and Giap

• Fought Japanese in World War II
• Defeated the French at Dienbienphu in 1954
• Fought against South Vietnam and the US

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British Guerrilla T. E. Lawrence

• Lawrence of Arabia In 1916, along with Faisal al
  Husayn led Arabs against Turks
• Documented adventures in Seven Pillars of Wisdom
• Spent much of life arguing for Arab independence

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Mexican Guerrillas Zapatistas

• January 1994 seized several towns in Chiapas
• Subcommandante Marcos is the main spokesman
• Anti-capitalist, supports equal rights for Indians

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Reign of Terror

• French Revolution 1793-1794
• Origin of the term terrorist.

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Jewish Terrorists Zealots

• They believed that they served God by killing
  Gods enemies
• Assassinated Jews who collaborated with the
  Romans
• Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot may have been
  Zealots.
• Destroyed by Roman 10th Legion in 66 AD at Masada

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American Terrorist John Brown

• Pottawatomie Creek
• Harpers Ferry

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American Terrorists Klu Klux Klan

• Racist-protestant group established in southern
  US after the Civil War
• Undergone many changes throughout its history
• Still active in US

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American Terrorist Timothy McVeigh

• Gulf War veteran
• Oklahoma City Bombing

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American Terrorist John Allen Muhammad

• Gulf War Veteran
• With John Lee Malvo killed 10 and wounded 3 in DC
  area sniper case

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American Terrorist Ted Kaczynski

• Former Berkeley professor
• Wrote Industrial Society And Its Future

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Palestinian Terrorists Hamas

• Arose during Intifada of 1987
• Has conducted suicide bombings against Israel
• Strongly opposes Yasir Arafat

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Peruvian Terrorists Shining Path

• Peruvian communist group founded in 1970
• Turned to terrorism in the 1980s
• Led to deaths of approximately 25000 persons
• Once several thousand strong now greatly weakened

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Italian Terrorists Red Brigades

• Formed in 1969 to break Italy from western
  alliance
• Assassinated Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978
• Kidnapped US Army General Dozier in 1981
• Now fewer than 50 members

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American Terrorist Lee Harvey Oswald
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JFK in Berlin

• Rudolph Wilde Platz
• June 26, 1963

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Arlington Cemetery

• Gawking at the procession
• Dreams unfulfilled, a lack of closure

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Organizations Definitions

• State-A organizational unit or group of allied
  units that maintain a military force capable of
  fighting conventional battles.
• Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military
  organization that is not sufficiently strong to
  confront the military of a state in a
  conventional battle.
• Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is
  not sufficiently strong to maintain an
  identifiable group for an extended time.

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Organizational Goals

• States To 1) protect against threats from
  outside the system (e.g., terrorists, guerillas,
  other states), 2) protect against threats from
  within the system (e.g., other politicians, rival
  groups, dissidents, unfavorable press, etc.) and
  3) dispense resources among the supporters of the
  government.
• Guerillas-To become a state
• Terrorists-To become a guerilla organization

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Research Model Predictors of Organizational
Success
Correlate 1 . . . . . Correlate n Goal
(success, failure)
For instance, Strong Ideology . . . . .
Attack State Symbols Goal
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Components of Our Analysis

• Organizations States, guerillas, terrorists
• Citizens Opponents and supporters of the state
• Infrastructure and Resources Food,
  transportation, airports, etc.
• Communication Network Television, radio,
  internet, word of mouth

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Principles Guiding Our Analysis

• No moral assessment is implied in labeling a
  group a terrorist, guerilla or state
  organization. These groups are simply mechanisms
  for gaining social influence
• Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have
  existed and will exist throughout history
• Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have
  different goals and employ different strategies
• Larger organizations use strategies of smaller
  organizations but smaller organizations are
  rarely capable of using strategies of larger
  organizations

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Terrorism Opponents of the State

• It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
  gain converts from those already opposed to the
  state by espousing a well-defined ideology.

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Terrorists Opponents of the State
2. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
gain converts from those already opposed to the
state by attacking symbols of the state.
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Terrorists Opponents of the State
3. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
gain converts from those already opposed to the
state by playing the Elephant Gun and Fly game.

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Terrorists Opponents of the State
4. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
gain converts from those already opposed to the
state by producing an aggressive response by the
state.

• Curtailing liberties and establishing
  protections.
• Encouraging the view that the terrorists threaten
  the states existence.
• Inviting the state to wallow in the mud and
  engage in barbaric reprisals.
• Depriving the state of the moral high ground.

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Terrorists Supporters of the State
1. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
use the supporters of the state as tools for
gaining the attention of the opponents of the
state.
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Terrorists Supporters of the State

• 2. It is hypothesized that successful
  terrorists make few attempts to gain the hearts
  and minds of those supporting the state.
• 3. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
  create general anxiety they make supporters see
  a terrorist under every bed.

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Terrorists Communication Networks
1. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
use state networks to broadcast their attacks and
spread their ideology.
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Terrorists Communication Networks
2. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
maintain a loose network where every terrorist
knows just enough to do his or her job.
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Terrorists Resources and Infrastructure
1. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
employ the states resources and infrastructure
as targets, as a means of gaining attention.
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Terrorists Resources and Infrastructure

• 2. It is hypothesized that successful
  terrorists use attacks to gain attention and
  avoid efforts to destroy state.
• 3. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
  draw significant attention to themselves despite
  their small numbers and limited resources.

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Terrorists Resources and Infrastructure
4. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists
establish a financial support network to obtain
weapons and to support members under cover.
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Terrorism A Few Concluding Thoughts (1)

• Terrorism is a strategy for the weak attacking
  the strong. Exclusive reliance on terror as a
  tactic means that the state is confronting a
  small and weak organization.
• Many states have been weakened by an over
  reaction to terrorism.
• No state has ever been destroyed by a terrorist
  organization.

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Terrorism A Few Concluding Thoughts (2)

• 4. Organizations that rely exclusively on
  terrorism are not a threat to the survival of the
  state. They are a confined nightmare.
• 5. Terrorist organizations will be defeated if
  they cannot develop into a guerilla organizations.