Announcements:

1
Announcements

• Readings
• Huntington
• Diamond
• Kalathil Lindberg
• (possible additions)
• Movie
• - Israel/Middle East (tomorrow?)

2
Democracy 3

• Transitions to Democracy
• Hybrid Regimes

3
Democracy and public policies

• Measuring commitment to public education and
  health care
• Educational expenditures slightly higher in
  democracies (as of GNP)
• Significantly higher (as of total government
  expenditures)
• Similar results for health care expenditures

4
What makes democracies endure?

• Positive relationship between economic
  development and democracy
• Democracy a result of development (endogenous
  explanation)
• Democracy sustained by development (exogenous
  explanation)
• Economic development ?
• Democratic survival

5
Economic development democratic survival

• Positive relationship between economic
  development and democracy
• Economic development ?
• Democratic survival
• Why?
• Education
• Class conflict
• Economic performance?

6
Democracies Dictatorships similar growth rates

• Different mechanisms
• Dictatorships
• Labor-intensive
• Low wages
• Higher birth rates, lower life expectancy
• Democracies
• More efficient use of labor
• Slower birth (and labor force) growth rates
• Higher wages, better use of technical progress

7
Therefore

• No tradeoff necessary between economic growth and
  democracy
• Better off as a worker living in a democracy
• - better wages
• - better life expectancy

8
Democratic Transitions

• Democratic transition moving from an
  authoritarian regime to a democratic one
• Beginning first signs of collapse or negotiating
  exit
• End first freely elected government takes office
• Democratic consolidation democracy has become
  the only game in town
• Huntington the two-turnover test

9
Third Wave

• Huntington three democratic waves
• 1820s-1920s first, long wave
• 1922 first reverse wave
• WWII 1962 second wave
• 1960s early 1970s second reverse wave
• 1974 Third Wave ( of electoral democracies
  increased threefold since)

10
Third Wave Why?

• Causes Internal external
• Internal
• performance legitimacy problems
• economic growth

11
External International environment

• External actors (EU, Soviet Union, United
  States)
• Eastern Europe from Brezhnev Doctrine to
  Sinatra Doctrine
• Changing role/doctrine of Catholic Church
  liberation theology
• Snowballing

12
Hybrid regimes

• Important to know how democratic democratic
  regimes really are
• Why? Three reasons
• Increase in of electoral democracies
• Many fail the substantive test
• Closer international scrutiny
• Hybrid regimes

13
Hybrid regimes

• Hybrid regime combines democratic and
  authoritarian elements
• Many are less than electoral democracies
  electoral authoritarianism
• Authoritarianism w/ some democratic features
  Third Wave exhaustion?
• Liberal democracies gt electoral democracies gt
  electoral authoritarian

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Old vs. new paths to democracy

• Old path competition before participation
• Old path no longer available
• Breakdown of authoritarian regimes direction?
• Dramatic decrease in of full autocracies
• No comparable rise in of liberal democracies
• Need for a new typology of regimes

18
Regime types

• Liberal democracy
• Electoral democracy
• (Ambiguous regimes)
• Competitive authoritarian
• Hegemonic electoral authoritarian
• Politically closed authoritarian

19
Electoral Democracy vs. Electoral
Authoritarianism

• The distinction between ED and EA turns
  crucially on the freedom, fairness,
  inclusiveness, and meaningfulness of elections

20
Electoral vs. Hegemonic Authoritarianism

• Uneven playing field vs. hardly any playing
  field
• Electoral authoritarianism opposition forces may
  periodically challenge, weaken, and occasionally
  even defeat autocratic incumbents
• Hegemonic authoritarianism slim or no chances
  for challengers
• Closed authoritarianism no competition