APA Citation Style

1
APA Citation Style

• July 2008
• JIBC Library

2
Reminders

• Sources to cite
• Information gathered from books, articles,
  newspapers, websites, films, statistics, e-mails,
  lectures, radio TV shows
• Cite your sources in-text in your Reference
  List BOTH places
• Use quotation marks for direct quotations
  (except if 40 or more words)
• Dont use quotation marks for paraphrases

3
More Reminders

• Double-space your Reference List
• Alphabetize your Reference List by
  authors/editors Last Names (if no author,
  alphabetize by first Title word other than A, An,
  The)
• Use authors initials instead of first names
• The MAIN OBJECTIVES are to give credit to your
  sources AND for your reader to be able to find
  the material you have used

4
FINAL REMINDER

• For more detailed information, refer to
• Getting Started with APA Style Handout
• Also available on the JIBC Library webpage
  http//www.jibc.ca/library/
• Click on How Do I?

5
IN-TEXT CITATIONS

• How to credit your sources in the body of your
  paper

6
Citing your Sources

• In-text citations appear within the text of your
  paper
• In-text citations may be either direct quotes
  or paraphrased information
• Direct quotes use quotation marks and include a
  page or paragraph number
• See the following slides for examples

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In-text Citation - Direct Quote

• Watson (2007) explained that, it is very
  important to learn how to cite using the APA
  style (p. 22).
• OR
• According to the librarian, it is very important
  to learn how to cite using the APA style
  (Watson, 2007, p. 22).

8
In-text Citation - Paraphrase

• According to Appleby and Peach (2006), fruits and
  vegetables are generally accepted as the
  healthiest choices for dessert.
• OR
• Fruits and vegetables are generally accepted as
  the healthiest choices for dessert (Appleby
  Peach, 2006).

9
PRINT RESOURCES

• How to cite print resources
• in your Reference List

10
Book 1 or 2 authors

• Jacobs, E., Spadaro, N. (2003). Leading
  groups in corrections Skills and techniques.
  Lanham, MD American Correctional Association.
• In-text direct quote (Jacobs Spadaro, 2003, p.
  219)
• In-text paraphrase (Jacobs Spadaro, 2003)

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3 6 Authors

• Whitelaw, B., Parent, R.B., Griffiths, C.T.
  (2004). Community-based strategic policing in
  Canada (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON Thomson Nelson.
• First in-text direct quote (Whitelaw, Parent,
  Griffiths, 2004, p. 110)
• Subsequent (Whitelaw et al., 2004, pp. 234-235)
• First in-text paraphrase (Whitelaw, Parent,
  Griffiths, 2004).
• Subsequent (Whitelaw et al., 2004)
• If more than 6 authors, see Print Article example

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Other ExamplesAuthored Books

• Mayer, B. (2000). The dynamics of conflict
  resolution A practitioners guide. San
  Francisco Jossey-Bass.
• Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston
  Harvard Business School Press.
• Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J.,
  Flowers, B.S. (2005). Presence Exploring
  profound change in people, organizations, and
  society. New York Doubleday.

13
Authored Books continued

• Fisher, R., Ury, W., Patton, B. (1991).
  Getting to yes Negotiating agreement without
  giving in (2nd ed.). New York Penguin.
• Fisher, R., Brown, S. (1989). Getting
  together Building relationships as we
  negotiate. New York Penguin.
• Ury, W. (1993). Getting past no Negotiating
  your way from confrontation to cooperation
  (Rev. ed.). New York Bantam.

14
Edited Book

• Fridell, L., Wycoff, M.A. (Eds.). (2004).
  Community policing The past, present and
  future. Washington, DC Anne E. Casey
  Foundation and Police Executive Research Forum.
• In-text direct quote (Fridell Wycoff, 2004,
  p. 33)
• In-text paraphrase (Fridell Wycoff, 2004)

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Books - Edited

• Masie, E. (Ed.). (2005). Learning Rants,
  raves, and reflections. San Francisco
  Pfeiffer.
• Folger, J. P., Jones, T.S. (Eds.). (1994).
  New directions in mediation Communication
  research and perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA
  Sage.

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Chapter in Edited Book

• Sutker, S. (2005). Are you a vendor or a
  partner? In E. Masie (Ed.), Learning Rants,
  raves, and reflections (pp. 57-65). San
  Francisco Pfeiffer.
• Donohue, W.A., Bresnahan, M.I. (1994). In
  J.P. Folger T.S. Jones (Eds.), New directions
  in mediation Communication research and
  perspectives (pp. 135-158). Thousand Oaks, CA
  Sage.

17
Chapter in Edited Book or Anthology

• Stephens, D. (2004). The challenges to the
  future of community policing. In L. Fridell and
  M.A. Wycoff (Eds.), Community policing The
  past, present, and future (pp. 193-205).
  Washington, DC Anne E. Casey Foundation and
  Police Executive Research Forum.

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In-text Chapter in Edited Book

• In-text direct quote (Stephens, 2004, p. 200)
• In-text paraphrase (Stephens, 2004)

19
No author

• Websters ninth new collegiate dictionary (9th
  ed.). (1988). Springfield, MA
  Merriam-Webster.
• In-text direct quote (Websters ninth new
  collegiate dictionary, 1988, p. 24)
• In-text paraphrase (Websters ninth new
  collegiate dictionary, 1988)

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Book No Author

• Business leadership A Jossey-Bass reader.
  (2003). San Francisco Jossey- Bass.

21
Journal Article

• Richardson, D.S. Hammock, G.S. (2007). Social
  context of human aggression Are we paying too
  much attention to gender? Aggression and
  Violent Behavior, 12(4), 417-426.
• In-text direct quote (Richardson Hammock,
  2007, p. 419)
• In-text paraphrase (Richardson Hammock, 2007)

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Journal Article print version

• Zittrain, J. (2007). Saving the Internet.
  Harvard Business Review, 85(6), 49- 59.
• In-text direct quote (Zittrain, 2007, p. 50)
• In-text paraphrase (Zittrain, 2007)

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Journal Article More than 6 Authors

• Include first 6 authors then et al.
• Wolchik, S.A., West, S.G., Sandler, I.N., Tein,
  J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000).
  An experimental evaluation of theory-based
  mother and mother- child programs for children of
  divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
  Psychology, 68(5), 843-856.

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More than 6 Authors In-Text Citations

• First subsequent in-text direct quotes
• (Wolchik et al., 2000, p. 845)
• First subsequent in-text paraphrase
• (Wolchik, et al., 2000)

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Newsletter Article no author

• Treatment for anxiety can promote healing.
  (2007, June). Mind, Mood Memory, 3(6) pp. 1,
  6.
• In-text direct quote (Treatment for anxiety,
  2007, p. 1)
• In-text paraphrase (Treatment for anxiety,
  2007)
• (Reference List alphabetize by first word of
  title)

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Newspaper Article

• Rolfsen, C. (2007, June 4). High streamflow
  advisory for Fraser. Vancouver Sun, pp. B1, B4.
• In-text direct quote (Rolfsen, 2007, p. B4)
• In-text paraphrase (Rolfsen, 2007)
• Kirkey, S. (2007, June 4). Hostility may be
  harder on lungs than lighting up. Vancouver
  Sun, p. A3.

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Newspaper Article

• Dailies Weeklies include Year, Month Day
  (e.g. 2008, July 8)
• note that p. or pp. is used to indicate page
  number(s) for newspaper articles

28
Government Document

• This is an example of a Government Document where
  the Author the Publisher are the same
• Statistics Canada. (2003). Child and spousal
  support, maintenance enforcement survey
  statistics. (Cat No. 85-228-XIE). Ottawa, ON
  Author.

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ONLINE RESOURCES in your Reference List

• How to cite material that you locate on the
  Internet

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Journal Article from Database

• Kerfoot, K. (2007). Staff engagement It
  starts with the leader. Nursing Economics,
  25(1), 47-48. Retrieved from Academic Search
  Premier database.
• In-text direct quote (Kerfoot, 2007, p. 47)
• In-text paraphrase (Kerfoot, 2007)

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Journal Article from Database

• Meyer, S. (2007). We need a joined-up system.
  Adults Learning, 18(7), 26-27. Retrieved from
  Academic Search Premier database.
• In-text direct quote (Meyer, 2007, p. 27)
• In-text paraphrase (Meyer, 2007)

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Online Article from Journal Website

• This refers to articles that are located on their
  own websites NOT in the Article Indexes
  Databases
• In-text, see Print Examples

33
Online Article from Journal Website

• If downloading citing PDF copy
• Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your patients
  avoid counterfeit medicines. Family Practice
  Management, 14(3), 33-35. Retrieved from
  http//www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33 help.pdf

34
Online Article from Journal Website

• If citing HTML full-text
• Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your patients
  avoid counterfeit medicines. Family Practice
  Management, 14(3), (n.p.). Retrieved from
  http//www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33 help.html
• (note no pages included on HTML document)

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Online Article No Pagination

• Koenigsberg, M.R., Bartlett, D., Cramer, J.S.
  (2004). Facilitating treatment adherence with
  lifestyle changes in diabetes. American Family
  Physician, 69(2), (n.p.). Retrieved from
  http//www.aafp.org/afp/20040115/309. html

36
Online Article No Paginationcontinued

• In-text direct quote (Fredrickson, 2000, 5)
  OR (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section, para
  1)
• In-text paraphrase (Fredrickson, 2000) OR
  (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section)
• (note you may use page number, paragraph number,
  or heading title depending on the format of the
  document e.g. HTML or PDF)

37
Online Government Document

• Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada. (2007,
  March 31). Visiting Canada. Retrieved from
  http//www.cic.gc.ca/english/visit/
• index.asp
• (note if the Agency is well-known, it is not
  necessary to add Canada before the Agency name)

38
Online Govt Document contd

• In-text direct quote (Canada. Citizen and
  Immigration Canada, 2007, para. 2)
• In-text paraphrase (Canada. Citizen and
  Immigration Canada, 2007)

39
Document retrieved from website

• United Nations Development Program. (2002).
  Human development report. Retrieved from
  http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/ en/
• In-text direct quote (UNDP, 2002, p. 54)
• In-text paraphrase (UNDP, 2002)

40
Document Retrieved from Website

• United Nations Development Program. (2007).
  Annual report. Retrieved from http//www.undp.or
  g/publications/ annualreport2007/

41
Entire Website

• If you refer to an entire website, you only need
  to give the URL directly in the text of your
  document
• You do NOT need to include it in your Reference
  List
• For example, visit the JIBC website
  (http//www.jibc.ca/) for Program and Course
  information
• However, if you are referring to specific
  documents or sections on a website follow
  procedures as listed in previous examples

42
NOT PRINT? NOT ONLINE?

• Here is how to cite those other sources in your
  Reference List

43
Videos or DVDs

• Gandy, D. (Producer). (2003). Cardiac
  emergencies Videotape. Carrollton, TX
  FETN.
• In-text direct quote (Gandy, 2003)
• In-text paraphrase (Gandy, 2003)

44
Radio Broadcast

• Murrow, E. R. (1940, September 13). Radio
  broadcast. New York WCBS.
• In-text direct quote Murrow (1940) OR
  (Murrow, 1940)
• In-text paraphrase Murrow (1940) OR ..
  (Murrow, 1940)

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Video Weblog post

• For example, Youtube videos
• Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to
  train a cat to operate a light switch
  Video file. Video posted to http//www.youtube
  .com/watch?vVja 83KLQXZs
• In-text direct or paraphrase (Norton, 2006)

46
Listservs

• Refer to as electronic mailing lists
• Booker, M.E. (2007, May 7). Re APA Citation.
  Message posted to the ALA Information Literacy
  ILI-L electronic mailing list, archived
  at http//lists.ala.org/wws/info/ili-l
• If you dont know where the list is archived,
  leave blank
• In-text (Booker, 2007) or Booker (2007) .

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Blog Posting

• bfy. (2007, January 22). Re The
  unfortunate prerequisites and
  consequences of partitioning your mind.
  Message posted to http//scienceblogs.com/pha
  ryngula/

48
Personal CommunicationsE-mail, Interviews,
Lectures

• Only include as an in-text citation
• Will not appear in your Reference List
• Direct quote .. (R.V. Camper, personal
  communication, July 19, 2007)
• Paraphrase R.V. Camper (personal
  communication, July 19, 2007) noted that.