APA STYLE REFRESHER

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APA STYLE REFRESHER
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Several Common Problems

• Numbers and Percentages
• Punctuation and Capital Letters
• Paragraph length
• Spelling, Italics, and Abbreviations
• Seriation
• Tables and Figures

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• Heading Levels (three)
• Miscellaneous
• Citation Basics
• Reference List Basics

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For a comparison of APA software, go to

• http//www.bibsoft.indidna.edu/index.php37showye
  ssecondaryID2id1
• Http//unitproj.library.ucla.edu/biomed/bibsoftwar
  e/bibcompare.cfm

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On Numbers (APA 3.42-3.45)

• Normally numbers 10 and higher are written as
  numerals. Nine and lower are written out.
• There are many exceptions where they appear as
  numerals, too.
• elements of time 600am
• Participants in a study (n6)

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• All eight boys three rocks at a carp. Meanwhile,
  14 catfish nipped at Senator Kerrys arm. Crazy.
  But true!
• I saw 150 people that I knew at Britneys show.
  There was over 2 million people there. She sang
  20 songs.
• Every 2 or 3 years we spend a weekend at Turkey
  Run State Park.

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In general, use Arabic, not Roman Numerals

• In chapter 2, the author describes the history of
  the world, with an emphasis on ground beef.
  Although the exciting history of meat loaf could
  be a dissertation itself (see Appendix F), a
  timeline is presented in Figure 3 summarizes the
  highpoints-or low points if you are a cow.
  Indeed, the issue of viewpoint is further
  explored in Research Question 3. (Refer to p.
  976).

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WAIT, I MISSTED THAT LAST ONE. WHAT WAS IT AGAIN?

• Blah, Blah, Blah. (P. space 976)

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Percentages (APA 3.42d) are Straight Forward

• Use a numeral and percentage sign unless the
  start of a sentence or if youre quoting directly
  from a source that used a different style manual.
• Sixteen percent favor lethal injection
• Another 12 favor Banquet pot pies, and 2 marked
  Hemlock.

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Okay, Lets Review

• Normally, numbers 10 and higher are written as
  numerals. Nine and lower are written out.
• Use Arabic numerals. Use a sign
• But there are many exceptions where they appear
  as numerals, too-Mainly
• (a) elements of time
• (n) in a study

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• I have two/2 children. My daughter, Sophia, is
  seventeen/17, and my son, Isaac, is thirteen/13.
• Theres a ten percent/10percent/10 change of
  rain today.

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COMMAS

• Insert a serial comma in a series of three or
  more nouns or noun phrases before the words and
  or or.
• Moe, Larry, and Curly
• Wear either red, white, or blue.

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• Example I
• Hello, hello, and hello
• Example 2
• Bacon, lettuce, or tomato
• Example 3
• Bacon, Robbins, and Penn (2004) starred in Mystic
  River.
• So rememberuse a serial comma

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On Abbreviations

• Italicize statistical abbreviations
• Uppercase N means population
• Lowercase n means subsample
• Use ect., e.g., and i.e. only inside parentheses
• e.g., means for example
• i.e., means that is

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Spelling

• Check the tables in chapter 3 for rules on
  hyphenation. In general, words with prefixes such
  as non, semi, pre, post, anti, multi, and inter
  are not hyphenated pretest, posttest,
  antibiotic, antisocial, nonprofit, semipro,
  multiphased, subsample. But self-esteem,
  self-concept.
• Possessives of proper nouns ending in s get s.
• Rogers, Wilks lambda, Jones's bottle of rum.

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Italics (not underlines)

• APA says use italics, psych students especially
  Stick to italics. Period! Dont Bold or
  underline.
• Check the table in chapter 3 for when to use
  italics. Italicize book and journal titles and
  words used as key terms on first reference
• I just re-read the Grapes of Wrath. The term
  psychopharmocological always brings me back to my
  salad days at Penn State.

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Paragraphs

• According to APA, all paragraphs should be at
  least four sentences long.
• Not two sentences
• Not three sentences
• You may have to re-write your short paragraph so
  it fits into the paragraph above.

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Seriation (Lists)

• Vertical lists go
• 1. tab 1. over,,,then double space for
• 2. use a ., not a ) or ()
• 3.
• 4.
• In the paragraph, use (a), (b), (c).
• If what you are writing is more of a short
  sentence use a semicolon.

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• Blah Blah Kerry (2004). Who said it it could have
  been (a) the right thing to do (b) was a
  mistake and (c). The right thing to do but a
  mistake.
• But blah blah the Georgia senator encouraged
  banning (a) atheism, (b) pinkos, and (c) coed
  dancing.

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HEADINGS (APA 3.31)

• Keep your reader from getting lost.
• Serve as a series of road signs
• Have Some choices depending on how many levels
  you have.
• All levels belong in the table of contents, which
  on most word processing programs is generated
  automatically.

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• Heres how youd do three levels
• Level 1 L1
• Next Level L3 (italics)
• Next Level. L4 (Italics plus period)

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• Twentieth-Century Theorists L1
• Abraham Maslow L3
• Self-actualization. L4 This concept arose
  during the theorists days at a deli counter on
  Murray Avenue in the Squirrel Hill area of.

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• Table of Contents
• Twentieth-Century Theorists L1.14
• Abraham Maslow L3..14
• Maslows Influence L4.16
• Erik Erikson L118
• Eight Stages of Identity.25

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Spacing

• Normally, double space.
• One space after a colon and periodhowever 2
  spaces after a period are accepted.

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Miscellaneous

• Data and media are plural
• Use respectful and inclusive language
• No first person
• American not British English
• Avoid contractions

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VERB TENSES

• First rule The verb tense must make sense
• Corporations lack the trust Americans had in them
  a decade ago.
• The U.S. manned space program has experienced
  setbacks/experience a major setback
• There are growing concerns about the shortage of
  water in the American West.
• The crime rate fell during the 1990s.

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VERB TENSES

• Second rule Report the literature in past tense
• Freud (1917/1980) explained not explains that
  sometimes a cigar is just a cigar
• Deming (l982) argued that blah blah.
• Bennis (l980) believed not believes
• Pumpernickel (2000) found
• -Moribund (2001) wrote
• Talisman (2004) demonstrated/indicated/stated

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VERB TENSES

• Third Rule Report the literature in past tense,
  but it has to make sense.
• Parker (1935) claimed that boys do not make
  passes at girls who wear glasses.
• Bausch and Lomb (2002) studied male heterosexual
  college students (n100) at Princeton and found
  that 75 of the students made passes at girls who
  wore glasses.

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Review 1

• In a study conducted some 30 years ago. Yenta,
  Bupkus, Pupik, and Kvetch (l974) identified 4
  reasons for growing incidence of hirsute
  visibility. The tendency for hair men to go
  shirtless at the beach. Yet ODell, OReilley
  and OConnor (l981) found that a majority of
  women found hairy men to be inspiring and
  thought provoking (p.432). Richards (l992)
  study of Belgian women suggested that hair,
  married European women had better self images
  than non-married women.

• 30. (10 and higher plus element of time)
• Four, not 4
• Use italics here not quotes
• Use a serial comma
• Put single space after p.
• Richards per APA
• Self-image
• nonmarried

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Review 2

• Nearly sixty percent of the respondents (N120)
  in Jenkins (201) study opposed the death
  penalty, on the following grounds, in descending
  order (1) moral or religious conflict, (2)
  expense and (3) sentence injustices. Yet 80
  (n160) of the same sample said terrorists
  deserved the death penalty. The data in stage II
  of Jenkins study supports this contradiction as
  well. Ash shown in table 3, its mostly your
  liberals who are the biggest hypocrites on this
  matter.

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In-Text Citations The Hows

• You must supply page numbers for direct quotes
  from print sources or page number for electronic
  ones.
• You must use quotation marks if quoting a source
  directly (unless using a block quote)
• Use a block quote if longer than 4 lines.
• Block quotes are indented 4 spaces on right and
  left margins.
• Per APA 3.93, you are not required to provide
  page numbers for paraphrases but authors are
  encouraged to do so.
• Use secondary sources carefully.

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• Follow the conventions of the style manual.
• In-text citations on pp. 117-122, 207-214.
• Reference lists Chapter 5 (5th ed.)
• http//www.apastyle.org

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APA style uses author-date citations only.

• The authors (or their absence, the title of the
  work) appears first, followed by the year of
  publication, and often a page number at the end
  of a sentence.
• Thorn (2004) found that elves live at the South
  Pole as well as the North Pole.
• Other research (Maurer, 1943) suggested that
  elves live in Bentonville, AR, home of
  merchandising giant Wal-Mart, quietly being sued
  for discriminatory hiring practices.

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• When citing multiple authors in parentheses, use
  an ampersand.
• A northeastern liberal has as much chance of
  winning a national election as does Captain
  Kangaroo (Kelsey, Valen Daniel, 2004, p. 211)
• Kelsey, Valen, and Daniel (2004) found nuance is
  overrated (p. 211).

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Practice Text 1

• Steinbrink, J.E., Cook, F.W. (2003). Media
  literacy skills and the war on terrorism.
  Clearing House, 76(6), 284-288.

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• The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S.
  media based on fear of additional terror, showed
  an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic
  images and icons. The medias us versus them
  discourse is passed on patriotic motifs (U.S.
  flags everywhere) human-interest stories about
  the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism and
  narratives that demonize them, such as reports
  about Taliban brutality and Palestinian suicide
  bombers. The next result of this
  media-manufactured nationalism (Burney, 2002) has
  been the cultivation of supreme loyalty as
  described by the slogan war against terrorism.
  Taken collectively, the media in the United
  States overwhelmingly support a form of
  egocentric nationalism and have been silenced
  into acquiescence because dissent is interpreted
  as non-nationalistic and unpatriotic.

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Example of Plagiarism

• The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S.
  media based on fear of additional terror,
  demonstrated an overwhelming preoccupation with
  nationalistic images and icons. The medias us
  versus them discourse is passed on patriotic
  themes (U.S. flags everywhere) human-interest
  stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce
  nationalism and narratives that demonize them,
  such as reports about Taliban brutality and
  Palestinian suicide bombers. The next result of
  this media created manufactured nationalism
  (Burney, 2002) has been the cultivation of
  supreme loyalty as described by the slogan war
  against terrorism. Taken collectively, the media
  in the United States overwhelmingly support a
  form of egocentric nationalism and have been
  silenced into acquiescence because disagreement
  is interpreted as non-nationalistic and
  unpatriotic

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PLAGIARISM

• The post 9/11 discussion in the U.S. press based
  on fear of additional terror, showed an
  overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic
  images and icons. The medias us versus them
  discourse is passed on patriotic themes (U.S.
  flags everywhere) human-interest stories about
  the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism and
  narratives that demonize them, such as reports
  about Taliban brutality and Palestinian suicide
  bombers. The next result of this created
  nationalism (Burney, 2002) has been the
  cultivation of supreme loyalty as described by
  the slogan war against terrorism. Taken
  collectively, the media in the United States
  overwhelmingly support a form of egocentric
  nationalism and have been quieted because
  disagreement is interpreted as non-nationalistic
  and unpatriotic

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• Citing a source isnt enough. If its a direct
  quote or close to it, you must paraphrase or use
  quotation marks.

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Crummy solution 1a

• According to Steinbrink and Cook (2003) The
  post-September 11 discussion in the U.S. media
  based on fear of additional terror, showed an
  overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic
  images and icons (p,285). The authors wrote
  that the news media created an us versus them
  monologue based on patriotic motifs (U.S. flags
  everywhere) human-interest stories about the
  9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism and
  narratives that demonize our enemies (p. 285),
  such as reports about Taliban brutality and
  Palestinian suicide bombers. Thus the media in
  the United States overwhelmingly support a form
  of egocentric nationalism and have been silenced
  into acquiescence because dissent is interpreted
  as non-nationalistic and unpatriotic (p. 285).

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Crummy Solution 1b

• According to Steinbrink and Cook (2003). The
  post-September 11 discussion in the U.S. media
  based on fear of additional terror, showed an
  overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic
  images and icons (p, 285), resulting in a
  media-manufactured nationalism (Burney, as
  cited in Steinbrink Cook, p. 285). The authors
  wrote the media created an us versus them
  monologue based on patriotic motifs (U.S. flags
  everywhere) human-interest stories about the
  9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism and
  narratives that demonize our enemies. Thus,
  the media in the United States overwhelmingly
  support a form of egocentric nationalism and have
  been silenced into acquiescence because dissent
  is interpreted as non-nationalistic and
  unpatriotic (p.285).

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Crummy Solution 2 Block Quote

• Direct quotes 40 words or more
• Indent five spaces on the left same margin on
  the rightsome prefer single space others double
• Usually no need for opening or closing ellipses.
• Final punctuation comes before the parenthetical
  element
• and unpatriotic. (p. 285)

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• Steinbrink and Cook (2003) wrote that
• The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S.
  media based on fear of additional terror, showed
  an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic
  images and icons. The medias us versus them
  discourse is passed on patriotic motifs (U.S.
  flags everywhere) human-interest stories about
  the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism and
  narratives that demonize them, such as reports
  about Taliban brutality and Palestinian suicide
  bombers. (p. 285)

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Solution 3 Parapharse

• If you didnt read it, either ignore it or go
  back and read it.
• Put it in your own words.
• Write it without looking at the original.
• Better than word smithing, consider what the
  passage is really about.
• Think critically. How important is the specific
  paragraph

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• Original
• The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S.
  media based on fear of additional terror, showed
  an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic
  images and icons. The medias us versus them
  discourse is passed on patriotic motifs (U.S.
  flags everywhere) human-interest stories about
  the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism and
  narratives that demonize tem, such as reports
  about Taliban brutality and Palestinian suicide
  bombers. The next result of this
  media-manufactured nationalism (Burney, 2002) has
  been the cultivation of supreme loyalty as
  described by the slogan war against terrorism.
  Taken collectively, the media in the United
  States overwhelmingly support a form of
  egocentric nationalism and have been silenced
  into acquiescence because dissent is interpreted
  as non-nationalistic and unpatriotic

• Paraphrase
• News coverage of 9-11 and the events that
  followed focused on patriotic images and created
  a good-guys/bad guys dichotomy (Steinbrink
  Crook, 2003, p. 285). The authors argued that
  because the press helped created through such
  imagery a xenophobic climate, anyone who
  dissented was seen as unpatriotic.

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Electronic Citations

• Start with APAs basic forms
• If its electronic, cite it as such
• Be creative about page numbers.
• Include the date that you retrieved a
  nonpermanent electronic source.
• http//www.apastyle.org

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In-text citation of Web page

• Show retrieval date for nonpermanent Web sources.
  Electronic sources
• Para or P
• p. 2 of 6.
• BestgtMethod section. P 3.

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Reference List Format

• Using handing indents like this. Double spacing
  is preferred. Double space between each item.
• Pay attention to what goes in what order.
• Pay attention to what is capitalized and what
  isnt.
• Pay attention to what is italicized and what
  isnt.
• Pay attention to punctuation. (i.e., A comma is
  placed before the even with two authors and
  between the journal and volume.

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Reference List Journal

• Ken Lay and Jeffrey Skilling
• October, 1996
• Volume 23, Issue 4
• The importance of Ethical Decision Making
• Texas Business Review
• pp. 465-498
• Lay, K., Skilling, J. (1996). The importance
  of ethical decision making. Texas Business
  Review, 23(4), 465-498.

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Reference List Book

• Dab Quayle and Nelson Rockefeller
• 1998
• Great 20th Century Vice Presidents
• St. Paul, Minnesota
• Mondale Press.
• Quayle, D., Rockefeller, N. (l998). Great 20th
  century vice presidents. St. Paul, MN Mondale
  Press.

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Reference List Electronic

• If a .pdf file
• Lay, K., Skilling, J. (l998). The importance
  of ethical decision making. Electronic Version
  Texas Business Review, 23, 465-498.
• If some Web document
• Lay, K., Skilling, J. (l998). The importance
  of ethical decision making. Retrieved July 12,
  2004. from www.texasheroes.com/enron.html.

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Review Key Points on Citations

• You must use quotation marks if quoting directly.
• You must indicate the page number or paragraph
  number of a direct quote.
• You cant pretend to have read something
  firsthand you didnt.
• Paraphrase, or better yet, read and write
  critically.

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Last but not Least

• 1. Its et al.,
• Not et.al,
• Not etal,
• Not et.al
• Ya di overrated (Roethlisburger et al., 2005)
• 2. Check the manual for when you can use et al.

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• 3. If youre listing groups of authors, they go
  in alphabetical order.
• Ya di ya di ya di da (Bonds, Van Slyke, Bonilla
  Bell, 1990 Mazeroski Groat, 1960 Stargell,
  Alou, Clemente, 1970)