THE FUNGI

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THE FUNGI

• YEASTS AND MOLDS
• THE STUDY OF FUNGI IS CALLED MYCOLOGY
• DISTRIBUTION 20O-30OC
• ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

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Nutrition and Growth

• VAST MAJORITY ARE SAPROBES
• ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
• PREFER AN ACID pH
• MOST ARE OSMOTOLERANT
• MOST ARE EITHER AEROBIC OR FACULTATIVE
• NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ARE MINIMAL

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Basic Structure of the Fungi

• TYPICALLY EUCARYOTIC
• UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR(HYPHA)
• CELL WALL - CHITIN, CELLULOSE AND OR GLUCANS
• SEPTA - SEPTATE OR NON-SEPTATE HYPHAE

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Classification of the Fungi (Phyla)

• GROUPINGS BASED ON HABITAT, MORPHOLOGY AND SEXUAL
  COMPLEXITY
• 1. ZYGOMYCOTA
• 2. ASCOMYCOTA
• 3. BASIDIOMYCOTA
• 4. DEUTEROMYCOTA

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Classification of the Fungi (continue)

• 1. ZYGOMYCOTA
• TERRESTRIAL /MAINLY MOLDS
• REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A
  NON-MOTILE SPORE CALLED A SPORANGIOSPORE
• REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A THICK -
  WALLED ZYGOSPORE
• RHIZOPUS sp. - NON SEPTATE

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Classification of the Fungi (continue)

• 2. ASCOMYCOTA
• TERRESTRIAL / YEASTS AND MOLDS
• REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A
  NON-MOTILE SPORE CALLED A CONIDIOSPORE (CONIDIUM)
• REPRODUCE SEXUALY BY THE PORDUCTION OF SEXUAL
  SPORES CALLED ASCOSPORES FORMED WITHIN A SAC
  CALLED AN ASCUS
• PENICILLIUM sp. - MOLD - SEPTATE

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Classification

• ASPERGILLUS sp - MOLD - SEPTATE
• SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE - YEAST
• REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING OR BINARY FISSION
• REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF
  ASCOSPORES IN AN ASCUS
• PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY MEMBERS OF THE
  ASCOMYCOTA
• POWDERY MILDEW OF ROSES
• APPLE SCAB
• PEACH LEAF CURL

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Classification of the Fungi (continue)

• ERGOT OF RYE - POTENT ALKALOIDS(ERGOTAMINE)
• SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
• CONSTRICTION OF ARTERIES
• HALLUCINATIONS
• MYCOTOXINS
• AFLATOXINS
• BRAZILIAN PEANUT MEAL EXPORTED TO ENGLAND IN 1960
• GRAINS STORED IN SILOS MONITORED

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Classification of the Fungi (continue)

• 3. BASIDIOMYCOTA - MOSTLY MUSHROOMS
• 4. DEUTEROMYCOTA
• YEASTS AND MOLDS/SEPTATE
• TERRESTRIAL
• NONE EXHIBIT A SEXUAL CYCLE
• YEASTS REPORDUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING ONLY
• MOLDS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF
  CONIDIA
• MORPHOLOGICALLY IDENTICAL TO MEMBERS OF THE
  ASCOMYCOTA

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HUMAN FUNGAL INFECTIONS

• MOST FUNGI ARE OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
• INFECTION IS RARE UNLESS SPECIAL SITUATIONS EXIST
• WET WARM SPOT FOR EXTENDED TIME
• IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PERSON
• MASSIVE SPORE EXPOSURE
• TWO GROUPS OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• DERMATOMYCOSES
• CAUSED BY MOLDS CALLED

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DERMATOPHYTES
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Human Fungal Infection (continue)

• SUPERFICIAL INFECTIONS OF HAIR, NAILS AND SKIN
• PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT DIGEST KERATIN
• ALL MEMBERS OF THE DEUTEROMYCOTA
• MEDICAL NAMES USE TWO WORDS - TINEA FOLLOWED BY
  THE AFFECTED REGION
• TINEA PEDIS, TINEA CRURIS, TINEA CAPITUS

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• DERMATOPHYTES BELONG TO THREE GENERA OF FUNGI
• TRICHOPHYTON, MICROSPORIUM, AND EPIDERMOPHYTON
• TREATMENT-GRISEOFULVIN, NYSTATIN
• SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
• FOUND TROUGHOUT PHYLA (YEASTS AND MOLDS)
• CAN INFECT DEEPER TISSUES THAN DERMATOPHYTES
  KILL
• INITIAL INFECTION THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OR
  BREAK IN SKIN
• MOST ARE DIMORPHIC
• 1. 37o C YEAST STAGE IN BODY
• 2. RT FILAMENTOUS STAGE ON LAB MEDIA AND IN
  ENVIRONMENT

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• MOST ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED
• DISEASES MOLDS(6)
• 1. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA CAUSED BY PNEUMOCYSTIS
  CARINII (JIROVECI)
• 2. SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER CAUSED BY
  COCCIDIOIDES IMITIS
• 3. HISTOPLASMOSIS CAUSED BY HISTOPLASMA
  CAPSULATUM

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PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA
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SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER (COCCI)
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HISTOPLASMOSIS
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• 4. BLASTOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY BLASTOMYCES
  DERMATITIDIS
• 5. MUCORMYCOSIS CAUSED BY MUCOR sp
• 6. ASPERGILLOSIS CAUSED BY ASPERGILLUS sp
• DISEASES - YEASTS
• 1. CANDIDIASIS CAUSED BY CANDIDA sp

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• 2. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS CAUSED BY CRYPTOCOCCUS
  NEOFORMANS
• TREATMENT - AMPHOTERICIN B, KETOCONAZOLE, OR
  FLUCONAZOLE

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THE LICHENS

• MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FUNGUS AND A
  PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISM USUALLY CYANOBACTERIA OR AN
  ALGA

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