Dr'A'Jagadeesh

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Technology With A Human Face

• Dr.A.Jagadeesh
• Head, RD
• Center for Energy and Sustainable Resources
• R.M.K. Engineering College,
• Kavaraipettai 601 206
• TAMILNADU
• INDIA
• E-MAIL a_jagadeesh11_at_rediffmail.com

PLEASE FOLLOW..
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The poor of the world cannot be helped by
mass production, only by production by the
masses. The system of mass production, based
on sophisticated, highly capital-intensive,
high energy-input dependent, and human
labour-saving technology, presupposes that you
are already rich, for a great deal of capital
investment is needed to establish one single
workplace. The system of production by the masses
mobilises the priceless resources which are
possessed by all human beings, their clever
brains and skilful hands, and supports them with
first-class tools.
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The technology of mass production is inherently
violent, ecologically damaging, self-defeating in
terms of non-renewable resources, and stultifying
for the human person. The technology of
production by the masses, making use of the best
of modern knowledge and experience, is conducive
to decentralisation, compatible with the laws of
ecology, gentle in its use of scarce resources,
and designed to serve the human person instead of
making him the servant of machines.
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First law of economics "The amount of real
leisure a society enjoys tends to be in inverse
proportion to the amount of labour-saving
machinery it employs."
Dr.E.F.Schumacher
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Although we are in possession of all requisite
knowledge, it still requires a systematic,
creative effort to bring this technology into
active existence and make it generally visible
and available. It is my experience that it is
rather more difficult to recapture directness and
simplicity than to advance in the direction of
ever more sophistication and complexity. Any
third-rate engineer or researcher can increase
complexity but it takes a certain flair of real
insight to make things simple again. And this
insight does not come easily to people who have
allowed themselves to become alienated from real,
productive work and from the self-balancing
system of nature, which never fails to recognise
measure and limitation.
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Any activity which fails to recognise a
self-limiting principle is of the devil. In our
work with the developing countries we are at
least forced to recognise the limitations of
poverty, and this work can therefore be a
wholesome school for all of us in which, while
genuinely trying to help others, we may also gain
knowledge and experience of how to help
ourselves.
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In this field several terms have sprung up and
have been indiscriminately used like (a)
Intermediate technology or low technology, (b)
appropriate technology, and (c) Innovative
Technologies.
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(a)               Intermediate or Low Technology
Intermediate technology has meant many things
to many people as a type of technology which lies
in between the primitive technology and
sophisticated technology. The concept of
intermediate technology comes very near the one
propagated by Mahatma Gandhi the Father of our
Nation but this would hardly satisfy our
scientists in these countries, who, by training
and temperament, are keen on undertaking
internationally fashion oriented sophisticated
research. Development of intermediate
technologies, by and large, has thus remained a
programme to be worked at technicians level.
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(b)               Appropriate Technology Appropria
te technology is a priori a normative concept
which implies that its delimitation can take
place only after the norms are decided. These
norms change with every shift in time and place.
At the advent of Industrial Revolution,
technological innovations aimed at diversifying
product design and cheapening the production cost
for meeting the needs of rapidly expanding
consumer market. Appropriateness of technology
was considered in terms of profit, with or
without a concern for social goals.
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(c)               Innovative Technologies
Innovative Technology is defined as development
of technologies or production systems, which are
not only appropriate to a social situation at a
particular point of time, but also is free from
the deleterious effects such as alienation or
environmental imbalances. It considers the
possible social and environmental changes, and
this has built-in flexibility to adjust changing
needs. Since such technologies would have to be
essentially based on the integrated development
of the total region, the concept becomes more
wide in its economic, social and political
perspective. At the scientific level it poses new
challenges for the scientists to devise new
technologies that are not available anywhere. It
compels the scientists to come out to the people
and try to understand them, their needs, their
environment, their traditional technologies and
skills, understand the science behind such skills
based on experience and observation, and then
evolve new techniques of production to suit their
resources and native genius and meet their needs.
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The quest for Innovative Technology means many
things to many people and they are summarised as
below To people it may mean -      gainful
employment -     self-help, and competence to
utilize their skills and other resources -    
inculcation of scientific temper with the
association of cultural change, they may turn for
help to science rather than to quackery -       a
cceleration of development with multiplier
effects and a feeling of adventure and pride in
achievement
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• To the Planners and Policy Makers, it may mean
• - a different approach to grass-root planning
• - science is used deliberately as a tool for
  growth and selective changes
• - better utilisation of resources (including
  wastes)
• - more and better distributed employment
  opportunities with less movement of people
• an integrated approach with flexibility of
  adjustment as per available resources and
• maintenance of ecological balances.

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Modernise the Traditional-Traditionalise the
Modern  
-Prof.Y.Nayudamma
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No Power is Costlier than No Power - Dr.
H.J. Bhabha
You see things as they are and wonder why ? I
dream of things that never were and ask why
not ? - Robert F. Kennedy
Put the RENEWABLES to work To get
in-exhaustible, pollution free
energy which
cannot be misused .
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Solar Water Heater
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VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL SOLAR WATER HEATER  

• Why solar water heaters
• have not made much
• headway in India?
• Is it the cost?
• Can we think of alternate
• designs?
• A simple,cost-effective solar
• water heater utilizing locally
• available material has been
• designed and tested.
•  

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DESIGN DETAILS

•  
• Two vertical and cylindrical drums made of
• stainless steel/copper of height 0.6 m and
• diameter 32cm.
• Polyethylene cover to simulate green
• house effect.
• A lotus shaped omni-directional stainless
• steel reflector.
• A bamboo basket with rock wool and
• polyethylene covering acts as insulator.

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• OPERATION
• Water filled with potable water at 9 am.
•    Insulator covered over the collector at 4 pm.
• Temperatures up to 70 degrees Celsius can be
  
• obtained in south India
• 100 litre unit costs around US 135
• (about Rs. 6000) in South India.

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• ADVANTAGES 
• The Unit is mobile and easy to install and
• dismantle while transporting.
• No necessity of cold water supply through
  
• pipes.
• No need for overhead storage tank to supply
• cold water.
• There is no need to have separate collector as
  it
• is an integrated system.
• Since the collector is made of stainless steel,
  
• the hot water will be hygienic.

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• Because of the omni-directional reflector,
  relatively higher
• water temperatures are obtained even in
  moderate
• sunshine.
• The unit occupies less space being vertical
  and cylindrical,
• on the ground or roof.
• All the materials used in the fabrication of
  this simple and
• cost effective solar water heater are
  available locally.
• The unit is durable except that the
  polyethylene cover has
• to be replaced once in 4 months, which
  costs just Rs 30
• (about US Cents 70).
• By the usage of pre-heated water for cooking
  from
• this unit, considerable fuel such as
  firewood, kerosene,
• gas, electricity etc., can be conserved.
•  

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Solar Drier
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SIMPLE SOLAR DRIER

• Design Details
• Winnowing basket/Bamboo
• tray covered inside with
• black rexin.
• Holes provided on the sides
• to avoid formation of water
• vapour and for circulation of
• air.
• Transparent High Density
• Polyethylene cover provided
• on the top with Velcro for
• easy handling.

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• ADVANTAGES
• The contents dry quickly.
• The contents will be hygienic as they are
• protected from dust because of
• transparent cover.
• The contents are free from bird menace like
  
• crows as there is a thick covering.
• When sudden rain comes, the contents
• are protected because of the polyethylene
• cover.
• The units are light and easy to carry.

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• All the materials used in the fabrication of
• these simple solar driers are available
• locally and the units can be fabricated
• locally.
• Fabrication of these simple units generates
• local employment.
• The smaller unit costs Rs 70(about 1.2 US )
  
• and the bigger Unit Rs 200(about 4US ).

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• CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICITY IN ELECTRIC PUMPSETS
•  
• Considerable losses in the exit side of electric
  
• pump sets.
•   A low angled (10 degrees) cone metallic, 1 foot
  
• long fitted at the exit of the delivery
  pipe.
• 5 to 9 energy saving has been found out in 50
  
• cases.
•  In India about 90 lakh (9 million) electric
  pumpsets
• in operation in addition to lakhs of diesel
  sets.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN PUMPSETS
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MICRO HYDRO DEVICE FOR LOW HEADS

• At the Electric pumpset site a tank of length 2
  m,
• width 1m and height 1 m is a common sight in
• India.
•   Cant this head be utilized ?
•   From the outlet the water flows by gravitation
• only. 
•   A micro hydro generator with a pelton wheel, a
• low RPM generator and pulleys are fixed to a
  
• stand.
• A diode to arrest the reverse flow of current
  is
• included.
•   The unit costs about Rs 4000(about US 80) and
  
• can be fabricated locally.

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MICRO HYDRO DEVICE FOR LOW HEADS
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AIR CUM WATER COOLER

• Evaporation produces cooling 
• Two canvas bags filled with potable
• water and placed before a table
• fan(pedestral). 
• Water gets cooled and can be taken
• away for drinking purposes. 
• Room also gets cooled 
• If more water required for houses
• and restaurants, number of
• canvas bags placed in semi-circular
• way
• And the pedestral fan put in
• circular motion. 

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Electric Washing Machine
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PEDAL OPERATED WASHING MACHINE

•  
• Galvanised Iron box of 38 by 38 by 61 cm
• dimensions. 
• Outside aluminium wheel and inside fibre glass
• wheel. 
• Inside portion of the box made curvature to
  facilitate
• centrifugal motion. 
• The box provided with a pipe to drain out the
  water. 
• The box mounted on the sewing machine stand and
  
• connected by the rope for pedaling. 
• If not in use the sewing machine can be put back
  on
• the stand. 
• The unit costs about Rs 500(US 10) except the

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ADVANTAGES

• The unit is cost-effective.
•  The unit is mobile.
• The fabrication of the unit will generate local
  
• employment.
•  The unit helps to conserve energy.
• Men and women are already accustomed to
• operating sewing machines, and the operation
  
• of this pedal-operated washing machine is
  not
• strenuous.
•  The life of the clothing is extended compared
• to hammering it on stone.
• Operating of the machine provides exercise.

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HAND OPERATED BATTERY CHARGER

• Solar Electric modules are used to
• charge batteries for a television and light.
• Wind battery chargers are in wide use in
• Mangolia.
• Solar /Wind battery charger
• (about 100 W capacity) costs about
• Rs 30,000 (US 640) in India.
• Wind and Solar are intermittent. 
• Abundant manpower available in
• countries like India.

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• DESIGN DETAILS
•  
• Bicycle wheel, low RPM generator that is mounted
  
• on a frame and driven by V-belt.  
• There is a handle attached to the system
• A blocking diode to prevent reverse flow of
• current.

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• OPERATION
•  
• Three 12 volt lead-acid batteries are
• connected in parallel and then to the
  battery
• charger.
• By rotating the wheel for six hours, the
• batteries can be charged.
• Since many of the sewing machines are hand
• operated in Northern India, people are
• familiar with this sort of system.
• Compared to pedaling system, one can use
• both the hands alternatively to rotate the
  
• wheel.

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ADVANTAGES

•  The whole unit weighs about 6 Kg and is mobile
  it can be
• carried on the back.
• It provides employment to rural people.
• The unit is easy to fabricate, even in rural
  workshops.
• In most countries, generators are available, and
  if not, they
• can be imported. Many countries exempt
  renewable energy
• equipment and generators from customs duty.
  Alternatively,
• automobile generators can be used by changing
  the
• windings.
• The Unit is inexpensive it costs about Rs 7000
• ( about US 150).
• It can be operated with either hand.

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EVERYBODYS JAGA SODIS

•  
  
  
  
  
• Impure water is the root cause for many diseases
  
• in Africa,Latin America and Asia.
• Solar Dis-infection method uses the suns
• ultraviolet radiation(UV) to improve the
• microbiological
• Quality of drinking water synergies induced by
• radiation and thermal treatment have a
  significant
• effect on the die-off rate of microorganisms.
  
• A simple Solar Dis-infection system utilizing
  local
• material is designed for developing
  countries.

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DESIGN DETAILS

• 36 cm length, 30 cm breadth and 5 cm depth
  wooden frames(2) with corrugated Galvanised Iron
  sheet are made with folding arrangement. The
  corrugated GI sheet is coated with black colour
  for greater absorption of sun light. The planks
  are provided with a movable stand on the back so
  that the system can be oriented south facing
  suiting to the latitude of the place for optimum
  utilization of sun shine.The system is provided
  with a hook and handle to carry it anywhere.
• To increase the temperature a bamboo basket of
  1 m diameter (concave shaped) is covered with
  tinfoil sheet for reflection and concentration of
  sunlight. The system is placed at the center of
  the basket.
• Next

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OPERATION

• Glass bottles(clear) are cleaned and water is
  put into them up to 75 and shaken well for 20
  seconds. Solar dis-infection is more efficient
  in water containing high levels of oxygen.
  Shaking the bottles could increase oxygen levels.
  On reacting with water, sunlight produces highly
  reactive forms of oxygen. These reactive forms of
  oxygen kill the microorganisms. Then the bottles
  are filled with water to the full. The bottles
  are placed in sunlight for 6 hours and taken to a
  cool place for use.

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• If the water is turbid, paste from the seed of
• Nirmal (strychnos potatorum linn) can be used
  to
• clear the turbidity and then the clear water
  used
• for solar disinfection.
• One can put the Tulasi leaves(Ocimum Sanctum)
• in the solar disinfected water for
  preservation and
• to provide flavour.

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ADVANTAGES

• The Unit costs about Rs 500(about US 11) and
  as such
• available to everybody.
• All the materials in the fabrication of the unit
  are
• available locally.
• The unit is mobile.
• The unit is modular
• Production of units at local level generates
  employment
• in rural areas of the developing countries.
• The unit is expected to be a boon for developing
  
• countries rural populations in providing
  potable
• water.

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IMPROVED JAGA SODIS
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• SET 1
• First PictureJaga SODIS without Reflector with
  glass bottles.Second PictureGlass Bottles in
  Jaga SODIS with Concave Shaped Bamboo Reflector
  with Aluminium Foil.Third PictureJaga  SODIS
  With Staiunless Steel Reflector.BY THE USAGE OF
  REFLECTORS, THE LIGHT INTENSITY INCREASES BY A
  FACTOR OF FOUR.
• THE PET BOTTLES MELT IN HIGH AMBIENT
  TEMPERATURES(AROUND 45 Degrees Celsius). The
  Glass bottles withstand temperatures upto 80
  degree celsius. One can get pasturisation
  temperatures with Glass Bottles and reflectors.

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• SET 2First PictureStainless steel Reflector
  with Glass bottles in SODIS System.Second
  PictureGlass bottles in SODIS System with
  Concave Shaped Bamboo Reflector with Aluminium
  Reflector.

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• SET 3First PictureGlass bottles put in
  Stainless steel reflector.In this system light
  passes through the system second time which will
  increase exposure and eliminate
  shadowing.Second Pictureshows Nirmali
  Seeds(Botanical Name Strichnos Potatorum, which
  are traditionally used for water purification
  especially turbid water. People rub the   seed on
  a clean stone and put the paste in the turbid
  water . After half of an hour the turbidity
  settles down. The seeds are available in forests
  and very cheap.Third PictureThe Solar
  Disinfected water transferred to a stainless
  steel container(after cooling to room
  temperature) leaves of Tulasi(Botanical Name
  Ocimum Sanctum. The Tulasi leaves have medicinal
  value. In Hindu temples Teertham(holy water) is
  preserved by putting Tulasi leaves.

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Innovative Solar Disinfection System
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CLAY COVERS TO REDUCE ROOF HEATING
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MULTIPLE USES OF PERISCOPE
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CAP TO BEAT HEAT
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FIRE PROOF APRON TO AVOID KITCHEN ACCIEDENTS
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But small is powerless, we're used to thinking.
Well, atoms are small. So are viruses. "If you
think you are too small to make a difference, try
sleeping with a mosquito." -- the Dalai Lama
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Five ways to improve affordability. First, easy
payments in instalments (which have
revolutionised rural sales of TVs, cellphones,
two-wheelers and houses). Second, dramatic
cost-cutting (some goods and services in India
cost just 2-10 of the US cost). Third, goods
in small rather than large packings (e.g.,
shampoo in sachets instead of bottles). Fourth,
pay-by-use (paying Rs 20 for internet use at an
e-café instead of buying a computer). Fifth,
direct distribution, cutting out intermediaries
(e.g., ITC buying directly from farmers at
e-choupals, and selling to them directly through
Choupal Sagar shops
Dr.C.K.Prahalad
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• MODERNISE THE TRADITIONAL TRADITIONALISE THE
  MODERN.
• SCIENCE TO SERVE SOCIETY SOCIETY TO SUPPORT
  SCIENCE.
• A T
• ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY
• AFFORDABLE TECHNOLOGY
• ADAPTABLE TECHNOLOGY
• ACCEPTABLE TECHNOLOGY
• ACCESSIBLE TECHNOLOGY

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KISS PRINCIPLE
K
I
S
S
EEP
T
IMPLE
IR
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ANYBODY CAN MAKE THINGS COMPLICATED BUT IT
REQUIRES A GENIUS TO MAKE THINGS SIMPLE
ALBERT EINSTEIN
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THANK YOU