Bill Raun Oklahoma State University

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Bill RaunOklahoma State University
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Outline

• Journey-Imagine-Fabric-Focus
• GreenSeeker, 1991-present
• Focus on NUE
• Yield Prediction, RI
• N Rate Algorithm
• Liebig and Bray
• Sensor Based Nitrogen Rate Calculator
• Ongoing GreenSeeker Work
• Future of Sensing Technologies
• Borlaug Institute

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Interest in the position

• Increased participation in international
  agriculture

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Argentina Australia CanadaChinaEcuadorIndiaIta
ly MexicoTurkey UzbekistanZimbabwe
1992-present67 Graduate Students Faculty1
week to 4 month study abroad
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Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture

• Mission
• Enable faculty, students, citizens and
  institutions to respond to opportunities in
  international agriculture.
• Support and implement agricultural development
  projects throughout the world.
• Offer extensive short-term training programs for
  professionals in academe as well as the private
  and public sectors and serve as a resource to
  faculty and researchers from across the Texas AM
  University System.
• Associate Director
• Lead international agriculture programs with all
  units of Texas AM Agriculture
• Proposal and project development responding to
  the terms of reference issued by international
  development/donor agencies
• Classroom instruction, student thesis research
  supervision, leadership of study abroad
• Create productive working relationships in
  cross-cultural environments.

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Ambassador of Agriculture
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Journey

• Willingness to recognize the need for change in
  time to alter the journey
• Strategy or plan
• Expectation

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Journey
Minden, NE (6)
Lincoln, NE (3)
Sanliurfa, Turkey
Stillwater, OK (23)
Wuhan, China
Ciudad Obregon, MX (2)
Mexico City, MX (3)
Guatemala City (4)
Bogota, Colombia (4)
Cali, Colombia (5)
ArgentinaVenezuelaEcuadorCanadaPhilippinesPan
amaCosta RicaNicaraguaEl SalvadorHonduras
Dominican RepublicHaitiCuba
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Imagine

• See results
• Envision effects
• Embrace change
• If I keep on doing the same thing I am bound to
  get the same thing back.

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Fabric

• One can stand still in a flowing stream, but not
  in a world of men
• What we do can impact many far beyondthe reaches
  ofthose intended

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Focus

• Development-education-delivery

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• October 2001

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GreenSeeker

• 1991-present, Marvin Stone, John Solie

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April 16, 2007Dr. Norman BorlaugCiudad Obregon,
MX
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Focus on NUE
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NDVI at F5

INSEY
Days from planting to sensing, GDDgt0
Winter Wheat
Units biomass, kg/ha/day, where GDDgt0
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Long-Term Winter Wheat Grain Yields, Lahoma, OK
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Response to Fertilizer N, Long-Term Winter Wheat
Experiment, Lahoma, OK
After the FACT N Rate required for MAX Yields
Ranged from 0 to 140 lbs N/ac
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Predicting N Responsiveness
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RI-NFOAYPNYP0 RI
YP0
YPN
YPN
YPMAX
RI1.5
RI2.0
Grain yield
INSEY (NDVI/days from planting to sensing)
Nf (YP0RI) YP0))/Ef

• Mechanics of how N rates are computed
• Yield potential is predicted without N
• The yield achievable with added N is 1 times the
  RI
• Grain N uptake for 2 minus 1 Predicted
  Additional N Need
• Fertilizer Rate 3/ efficiency factor (usually
  0.5 to 0.7)

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25 cm depth FWIAug 26, 2007
Improved prediction of yield potential using
Mesonet data
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Liebig's Law of the Minimum

• Growth is controlled not by the total of
  resources available, but by the scarcest
  resource.
• Only by increasing the amount of the limiting
  nutrient (the one most scarce in relation to
  "need") was the growth of a plant or crop
  improved.

Justus von Liebig1803 - 1873
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Brays Nutrient Mobility Concept
Plants respond to the total amount of mobile
nutrients present Plants respond to the
concentration of immobile nutrients present
Mobile Nutrients Immobile
Nutrients
Nutrient limitation expressed as a of potential
yield, or sufficiency, and independentof the
environment
Nutrient limitation directlyrelated to yield
potential, and dependent on the environment
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Did Dr. Borlaug employ Liebigs law of the
minimum and Brays Mobility Concept?

• India, 1962 (Pitic 62, Penjamo 62) broke the
  yield ceiling
• India 1964 (Sonora 64, Lerma Rojo 64) out
  yielded Indian check varieties by 30
• Agronomic research recommended 120 kg N/ha
  replacing old recommendations of 40 kg N/ha
• The nitrogen not utilized by the plant is lost
  it forms a gas that escapes into the atmosphere,
  or it dissolves and is carried away by soil
  moisture.

From, Hanson, Borlaug, Anderson, 1982. Wheat in
the Third World. Westview Press Inc. Chapters 4
and 9
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Motivate
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GreenSeeker Sensor Research and Extension

• CIMMYT
• Ecuador
• Mexico
• Zimbabwe
• India
• China
• Uzbekistan
• Turkey
• Argentina
• Australia
• Canada
• Italy

Kansas Nebraska Iowa Minnesota Virginia Ohio Color
ado South Dakota North Dakota Utah
Idaho North Carolina Kentucky Texas Illinois Maryl
and Louisiana
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GreenSeeker Research and Extension
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Esperance, Australia
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Tarlee, Australia
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Beijing, China, National Academy of Sciences
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New Delhi, India
Modipuram, India
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El Batan, Mexico

• Saskatchewan, Canada

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Ciudad Obregon, Mexico
Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio Farmers in the Yaqui
Valley on average saved around US 75 per hectare
in fertilizer they did not apply
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Future Work

• Optical pocket sensor
• 3rd world
• Common Farmer Tool

4000 US
100 US
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Variable Rate Technology Treat Temporal and
Spatial Variability Wheat, 0.4m2 Corn,
by plant
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By-Plant N Management
OKLAHOMA
IOWA
Agron. J. 971603-1611. Regardless of yield
level, plant-to-plant variability in corn grain
yield can be expected and averaged more than 2765
kg/ha (44 bu/ac). Argentina, Mexico, Iowa,
Nebraska, Ohio, Virginia, Oklahoma
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Ramp Calibration Strip
March 2007, The Furrow, Larry Reichenberger
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RAMP Calibration Strip
200 0 15 30
45 60 75 100
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N Rate, lb/ac
200
30
15
0
200
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Ramp Calibration Strip
0 N
195 N

• Walk it off
• Or use Hand-Held Sensor

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Results

• Use of N Rich Strip and the SBNRC can lead to
  increased profits gt 10/ac in winter wheatgt
  20/ac in corn
• Ramp Calibration Strip offers an applied and
  affordable method of determining mid-season
  fertilizer N rates for corn and wheat
• 2006, 586 Ramps, 1500 N Rich Strips, 200,000
  acres

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Borlaug Institute

• 2001, Texas AM Partnerships for Enhancing
  Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages project
  (PEARL).
• USAID-TAMU improve income and quality of life
  for Rwandans Linda Cleboski
• The most effective way to reach that goal was by
  helping Rwandans improve their agricultural
  capacity," "Agriculture is the mainstay of
  Rwanda's economy and the small farmer is the
  backbone of Rwandan agriculture."
• By helping Rwandan farmers, particularly coffee
  growers, Texas AM and its project partners have
  had a positive impact on tens of thousands of
  Rwandans over the past six years, including many
  widows and orphans of the 1994 genocide

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Borlaug Institute

• Norman Borlaug Fellows Program

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Borlaug Institute

• Reviving Agriculture in Iraq
• Partnership with Tikrit University

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Borlaug Institute

• Ms. Julie BorlaugAssociate Manager for Donor
  Relations
• Ms. Linda CleboskiProgram Development
  Coordinator (Africa)
• Ms. Cathryn ClementAdministrative Assistant and
  Reciprocal Exchange Coordinator
• Mr. Keith ColeInternational Administrator
• Ms. Beverly Cook Program Assistant
• Ms. Stephanie Curs Assistant Director for
  Foreign Operations
• Ms. Rhonda D'Agostino Administrative Coordinator
• Ms. Denise GarciaAdministrative Assistant
• Ms. Stella Garcia, Financial Specialist I -
  Travel
• Mr. Mark Kelly, Program Coordinator (Indonesia
  SEAFAST)
• Mr. Joseph King, International Business Manager
• Dr. Karen Kubena, Assistant Deputy Vice
  Chancellor
• Mr. Anthony Laos Program Advisor (Iraq and the
  Middle East)
• Dr. Mike McWhorter International Training
  Coordinator
• Dr. Maad Mohammed Assistant Research Scientist
• Ms. Johanna Roman Program Coordinator (Latin
  America)
• Graduate Assistants Shahriar Kibriya, Sarah
  Whalen, Cody Zilverberg
• Student Workers Kyle Baker, Jordan Moore, Blaze
  Currie, Dawna Winkler, Shanna Herzog, Natalie
  Williams

• Dr. Norman E. BorlaugDistinguished Professor of
  International Agriculture
• Dr. Edwin C. PriceAssociate Vice Chancellor and
  Director
• Dr. Edward Runge Senior Advisor
• Dr. Tim Schilling
• Coordinator for international programs

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Dr. Norman Borlaug Success

• Delivery of a product/system
• Genetics accompanied by nutrient management
• Focus on a specific product
• Researchers must extend their own products
• Cannot solve all problems

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Extramural Funding
Has consistently ranked in the forefront over the
past decade among public universities in Texas in
retention rates keeping its students enrolled
and on course for graduation a leader for
overall student body and for minorities both
African-American and Hispanic students
U.S. foreign assistance has always had the
twofold purpose of furthering America's foreign
policy interests in expanding democracy and free
markets while improving the lives of the citizens
of the developing world. Spending less than
one-half of 1 percent of the federal budget,
USAID works around the world to achieve these
goals.
Guided by the belief that every life has equal
value, the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation works
to reduce inequities and improve lives around the
world.
Improving current and future communities' quality
of life in the United States, Latin America,
Caribbean, and southern Africa
The Gates-Rockefeller Foundation alliance has
allocated 150m to improving seeds through
conventional breeding to increase their yields
and make them suitable for Africa's unpredictable
rainfall patterns.

• Strengthen democratic values,
• Reduce poverty and injustice,
• Promote international cooperation and
• Advance human achievement

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Rank Name/(state) Assets Date
1. Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (WA) 33,120,381,000 12/31/06
2. The Ford Foundation (NY) 11,615,906,693 09/30/05
3. J. Paul Getty Trust (CA) 9,618,627,974 06/30/05
4. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (NJ) 9,367,614,774 12/31/05
5. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (CA) 8,520,765,000 12/31/06
6. Lilly Endowment Inc. (IN) 8,360,760,584 12/31/05
7. W. K. Kellogg Foundation (MI) 7,799,270,734 08/31/06
8. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation (CA) 6,351,000,000 12/31/06
9. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (NY) 5,586,112,102 12/31/05
10. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (IL) 5,492,269,240 12/31/05
11. Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (CA) 5,308,627,945 12/31/05
12. The California Endowment (CA) 4,405,938,934 02/28/06
13. The Rockefeller Foundation (NY) 3,417,557,613 12/31/05
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Care
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People

• Asst., Assoc, Full Professors
• Brenda Tubana, Louisiana State University
• Fred Kanampiu, CIMMYT
• Robert Mullen, Ohio State University
• Wade Thomason, Virginia Tech
• Steve Phillips, IPNI
• Shannon Osborne, USDA-ARS
• Edgar Ascencio, CARE- El Salvador
• Erna Lukina, Lab Director, Illinois
• Hasil Sembiring, NARS Indonesia
• Francisco Gavi-Reyes, Chapingo, MX
• Kyle Freeman, Monsanto
• Kefyalew Girma, Oklahoma State University
• Paul Hodgen, Monsanto
• Jagadeesh Mosali, Noble Foundation
• Byungkyun Chung, Oklahoma State University
• Shambel Moges, Accurate Labs
• NRCS, Monsanto, KSU, UNL, John Deere, Servi-Tech,
  Noble Foundation, SST, SCS

ArgentinaChina (2) El Salvador (2)Ethiopia
(3)India (2)IndonesiaIraqKenyaKoreaMexico
(2)Philippines Russia (2)Uzbekistan
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Sub-Saharan Africa

• SAA USA
• Population, million 700 300
• Cereals, million ha 88 56
• Production, million tons 97 364
• Yield, tons/ha 1.1 6.5
• Fertilizer N, million tons 1.3 10.9
• Avg. N rate, kg/ha 4 52
• of world N consumed 1.4 13
• of world population 10 4

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Ongoing Activities

• Novel, Nitrogen
• ASA Monograph, Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils
• Technical Editor
• NUE Website nue.okstate.edu
• 10 current graduate students
• Chapter, N Management Diverse Environments

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Summary

• Identify limiting factor
• Sense of urgency
• Commitment
• Products

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Texas, 2007

• 6.2 million acres, winter wheat
• 2.1 million acres, corn-grain
• 5.1 million acres, cotton
• 5.3 million acres, hay

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People
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Nitrogen Use Efficiency

• Malakoff (Science, 1998)
• 750,000,000, excess N flowing down the
  Mississippi River
• Africa expenditure on fertilizer N, cereals
• 706,000,000
• Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) World 33
• Developed, 42
• Developing, 29
• 10 increase
• Worth 10.9 billion US annually

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US Expenditures, Int. Aid

• 27 Million Golfers in the USA24.3 Billion
  dollars spent on golf in 2004 (888/person/year)
• 82 Million Hunters USA (fishing, etc.)108
  Billion spent on hunting in 2001
  (1317/person/year)
• Americans and Europeans together spend 17
  billion a year on pet food, 4 billion more than
  the estimated yearly additional amount needed to
  provide everyone in the world with basic health
  and nutrition.

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• On September 4, 1961, the Congress passed the
  Foreign Assistance Act, which reorganized the
  U.S. foreign assistance programs including
  separating military and non-military aid. The Act
  mandated the creation of an agency to administer
  economic assistance programs, and on November 3,
  1961, President John F. Kennedy established the
  U.S. Agency for International Development
  (USAID).

http//www.usaid.gov/
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USAID Web Site

• United States gives the largest amount of
  official aid to developing countries
• As a percentage of gross national income,
  however, this aid is the smallest among
  government foreign assistance programs.
• True measure of U.S. generosity and sustainable
  development is not just government aid-it is
  total U.S. international resource flows,
  including private capital and philanthropy.
• When all these private flows are added to
  official development assistance, the United
  States moves into first place for total resource
  flows.
• Table 6.4 summarizes and compares U.S. government
  and private international assistance for 2000,
  2005, and 2010. The table also includes estimates
  for the Millennium Challenge Account, projected
  to increase U.S. government aid by 5 billion a
  year in 2006. For private international giving,
  poorly documented and therefore underestimated in
  all categories, the table provides a range from
  the lowest estimates supported by research to
  reasonable higher estimates suggested by known
  gaps in research. This range of numbers provides
  a much-needed starting point for estimating
  private international giving. The table
  provides a different perspective on the common
  criticism that the United States is not generous
  in its overseas contributions. Although official
  development assistance is a smaller percentage of
  gross national income in the United States than
  in other countries, it is also a smaller
  percentage of total giving. According to the DAC
  standard of 0.7 percent of gross national income,
  total U.S. international giving in 2000 should
  have been 69.5 billion. The actual total of
  official development assistance and private
  giving was 44.5 billion, or 0.45 percent of U.S.
  gross national income-well within the average
  range for DAC donors.

http//www.usaid.gov/
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US Giving
http//www.independentsector.org/GandV/default.htm