G'C'S'E' WJEC Specification B and Edexcel Specification C

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G.C.S.E.WJEC Specification B andEdexcel
Specification C The influence of Renaissance
ideas on medicine Surgery Ambroise
Pare STUDY IN DEVELOPMENT HEALTH AND MEDICINE,
c. 1345 onwards
Image courtesy of the United States National
Library of Medicine
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The aim of these materials is to Provide a
little information upon Pares background the
factors that influenced his development as a
surgeon and his techniques within surgery
Introduce his major works, especially The
Apology Provide an opportunity for students to
discuss some of Pares main achievements and
ideas and debate their significance in relation
to the development of surgical
techniques. This should all be viewed in the
context of The Renaissance the changes and
developments that were taking place, especially
within art, science and religion.
Many thanks go to the U.S. National Library of
Medicine who have allowed us to use some of the
images found upon their website
We would also like to express our thanks to
Clendening, History of Medicine Library,
University of Kansas Medical Centre
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Click here to explore the title page of The
Collected Works of Ambroise Pare
Click here to find out more aboutRenaissance
Surgery and the work of Pare
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You could use the Whiteboard Pen and Highlighter
here
Worksheet
Questions
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of
Medicine
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• Questions
• What is the title of this text?
• 2) What does the top right hand picture show?
• 3) What does the top left hand picture show?
• 4) Why do you think that the human skeleton and
  figure have been placed at the centre of the
  title page ?
• 5) Describe some of the operating tools seen on
  this page

Worksheet
Questions
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of
Medicine
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The first edition of Pares Collected Works was
published in 1575. The work was attacked by the
Faculty of Physicians which was made up of many
of Frances most well known medical figures. Pare
had the Kings (Henry II) support however, and
the book was actually reprinted three times
before Pares death in 1590.
Click here to explore the title page of Pares
Collected Works in more detail.
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of
Medicine
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1. Explore the illustration by clicking on areas
that you would like to know more about.
2. When you have finished taking notes complete
the extension activity by clicking on the button
below
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of
Medicine
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Try and work out what the text within the boxed
off section says
Click here when you think you know
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Try and work out what the text within the boxed
off section says
Click here when you think you know
TheWorksof the famousSurgeonAmbose Parey
(Ambroise Pare)Translated out ofLatin and
compared with the French
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What does the picture show?
Why do you think that it has been added to this
medical text?
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In one text in particular entitled Les Monsters,
Pare describes cases of abnormalities in detail.
Many of the descriptions appear to be
exaggerated, either springing from popular myth
or Pares own imagination. Pare describes
different beasts and how many creatures could
take on the characteristics (features and
actions) of different animals.
Many of Pares publications refer to
abnormalities (something that is not normal)
and malformations (something that has not
formed correctly).
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What type of surgical instruments can you see?
What do you think each instrument was used for?
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Tools of the Surgeons trade. Knives to open
and split flesh Forceps to pull the flesh
apart and to extract parts of the body Saws
for cutting through bone Hammers for driving
in instruments or breaking bone A needle
and thread for sewing up wounds
Pare maintained that the patient should gather
strength before an amputation by eating meats,
yolks of eggs, and bread toasted and dipped in
wine. A ligature should then be tied above the
area where the operation (cutting) is to take
place. The flesh should then be cut with a sharp,
preferably crooked knife down to the bone. You
then saw through the bone with a small saw (one
foot and three inches long), then smooth the
front of the bone with a file, or some same
instrument.
Click here for more information upon amputation
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Pare maintained that you should only cut away
what is necessary the diseased or infected area
of the body. Pare also advised that the veins and
arteries be allowed to bleed a little before
being tied up as quickly as possible. Pare used a
crows beak (which looks like a set of crooked
pliers) to pull out the arteries and veins. He
then used a double silk thread to tie them
off.Pare had, before developing this method,
used hot irons to seal the wound and stop the
bleeding. But, as he states in Of Amputations,
which appeared in his Collected Works, he was
troubled by the great and tormenting pain that
this caused patients.
Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine
Library, University of Kansas Medical Centre
He left this old and too cruel way of healing
and embraced the new .
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What do you think Pare is doing here?
What can you find around the room to support your
theory?
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People had mixed herbs and plants to create
ointments and medicines for thousands of years
before The Renaissance. Apothecaries opened shops
and sold these mixtures that were often based
upon remedies that had been handed down over
generations.
Tinctures (liquid made with alcohol), Poultices
(solids mixed into a paste and applied to wounds
and bruises) and Infusions (boiling water poured
over leaves or flowers) were all used by
apothecaries. Pare himself mixed together Rose
Oil, Turpentine and Egg Yolk into an ointment
which he applied to gunshot wounds, instead of
using the traditional method of cauterising, or
burning the wound with hot oil.
Plants that were made into a plaster and applied
for joint pain.
Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine
Library, University of Kansas Medical Centre
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What do you think these instruments are used for?
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The Renaissance was a time of experimentation and
discovery. The mixing of herbs and different
substances was not new, but the technology
throughout The Renaissance allowed for new
methods of heating, mixing and purifying liquids
to be used.
Courtesy of the Clendening,History of Medicine
Library, University of Kansas Medical Centre
What do you think the picture above shows?What
could it have been used for?
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What kind of operation are the surgeons
performing here?
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Trepanning, or trephining is when a circular disk
of the skull (cranium) is removed. This was
usually done in the Renaissance to relieve
pressure on the brain. In The Middle Ages it was
thought that trephining could cure madness.
In the Renaissance many doctors thought that this
surgical process could cure recurring migraines
(headaches). A hand drill and/or circular saw was
used to complete the process.
Images to the leftBuch der Cirurgia
Hantwirckung der Wundartzny, Hieronymus
Brunschwig, 1525
Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine
Library, University of Kansas Medical Centre
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Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine
Library, University of Kansas Medical Centre
Trepanning equipment as illustrated in one of
Pares publications. The instrument worked in the
same way as a hand drill. As the handle was
turned so the bit at the end would spin and cut
into the cranium.
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Why do you think that the images of the human
body have been added to the cover of this text?
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Vesalius had mapped out the human body and
provided a complete human anatomy by 1543 with
the publication of the Fabric of the Human Body.
Knowledge of the structure of the body is
invaluable to surgeons whose job it is to repair
the body. Many surgeons still relied upon
descriptions of anatomy given by Galen and other
earlier anatomists, yet many were willing to
accept new descriptions of the structure of the
body, written by anatomists who had and were
carrying out many human dissections. Pare
appreciated the need to test and prove atheory
and to share those theories with others. This
illustrates the Renaissance attitude ofmany
doctors and scientists of the time.
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Andreas Vesalius had accurately illustrated the
body layer by layer. Surgeons made great use of
these illustrations and referred to drawings that
depicted likely areas of infection and
malformation. In this way they were able to
better operate on areas of the body where
tumours, growths and abnormalities formed. By
knowing what lay beneath bone, skin and tissue,
surgeons could
perform more accurate surgery and repair the body
afterwards in a much more efficient way. Students
of surgery could also study surgical methods
before, during and after lectures and dissections.
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I was born in France in 1510. My father was a
Barber Surgeon and I followed in his footsteps by
training as a Barber Surgeon myself in 1533.
However, in 1534 I became surgeon to the
Hotel-Dieu, the only public hospital in the whole
of France. I left the Hotel-Dieu in 1537 to
become a military surgeon. It was during this
time that I learnt a lot about surgery as I had
to deal with many terrible wounds often caused
by muskets.
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In 1552 I was appointed surgeon to King Henri II
of France. I now had official royal approval for
my work and continued to write medical texts. In
1545 I published my first work upon the Method of
Treating Wounds. In 1575 my Collected Works was
published and in 1585 The Apology and Treatise of
Ambroise Pare. This last text was based upon my
own life experience and the methods of treatment
I had adopted .
I was born in France in 1510. My father was a
Barber Surgeon and I followed in his footsteps by
training as a Barber Surgeon myself in 1533.
However, in 1534 I became surgeon to the
Hotel-Dieu, the only public hospital in the whole
of France. I left the Hotel-Dieu in 1537 to
become a military surgeon. It was during this
time that I learnt a lot about surgery as I had
to deal with many terrible wounds many caused
by muskets.
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Extension Describe and explain the connection
between the images in your own words.(What do
they tell you about Pares work?)
Your Thoughts