PROTOZOA first animal

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PROTOZOA -- first animal numerous species
100,000 plus many fossils eukaryotic,
unicellular adapted to all types of
environments soil decomposition of organic
matter aquatic habitat zooplankton key
component of aquatic food chain many
motile cilia flagella amoeboid movement
extension of cytoplasm pseudopodium
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PROTOZOA typical eukaryotic cell, but some
variations ectoplasm vs. endoplasm
ectoplasm gel-like layer just inside cell
membrane some rigidity two nuclei
macronucleus and micronucleus macronucleus
trophic activities and regeneration
micronucleus diploid nucleus recombination
and regeneration of macronucleus vacuoles
contractile osmoregulatory organelle
phagocytic secretory specific
enzymes some no mitochondria or cytochromes
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PROTOZOA nutrition varies some
photosynthetic most saprophytes
chemoheterotrophs food acquisition
varies some absorb dissolved nutrients
saprozoic nutrition pinocytosis or basic
transport some engulf particulate matter
holozoic nutrition cytosome in some
mouth-like area some exist in two
forms resting stage cyst protective active,
feeding stage - trophozoite
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PROTOZOA reproduction varies asexual
binary fission to mitosis/cytokinesis sexual
conjugation with the exchange of gametes
paired cells of complementary mating types
prevalent in ciliates
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PROTOZOA -- first animal Reproduction fission
(asexual) budding (asexual) schizogony
(asexual) gamete fusion (sexual)
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Protozoa - conjugation
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PROTOZOA classification based on
motility (flagella, cilia, pseudopodia)
nutrition (dissolved nutrients or particulate
matter) cyst formation mode of
reproduction (asexual or sexual) nucleus
(one or two) (micronucleus and macronucleus)
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Representative Protozoa Sarcodina Amoeba -
amoeboid or pseudopod movement hard shell in
some or skeleton a) elaborate chalky shell
with pores - foraminifera dense
deposits on ocean floor, White Cliffs of Dover
b) elaborate silicon dioxide shell heliozoa
(fresh water) radiolaria (sea water)
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Heliozoan fresh water
Radiolaria - marine
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Representative Protozoa Sarcodina Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica amebiasis
amoebic dysentery
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Representative Protozoa Sarcodina Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica amebiasis or
amoebic dysentery Naeglaria central
nervous system infection, from hot tubs, pools
primary amebic meningoencephalitis Acanthamoeb
a keratitis, corneal ulcers
granulomatous amebic encephalitis
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Representative Protozoa Mastigophora
Flagellates
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Representative Protozoa Mastigophora
phytoflagellates - plankton Trichonympha
termite gut Trypanosoma hemoflagellates
sleeping sickness transmitted by insects
tsetse fly, roach-like insect Leishmania
leishmaniasis hemoflagellate transmitted by
biting insects from canines rodents
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Representative Protozoa Flagellates Giardia
lamblia giardiasis intestinal disease
(30,000 cases per year) many carriers
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Representative Protozoa Mastigophora
Trichomonas vaginalis sexually transmitted
disease 7 million cases annually in US, 180
million
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Representative Protozoa Apicomplexans or
Sporozoa form a spore-like structure
have a cell structure called the apical complex
complex life cycle 2 hosts asexual and
sexual stages alternating haploid and diploid
generations asexual reproduction
schizogony rapid mitotic divisions with delayed
cytokinesis forms many small infective organisms
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Representative Protozoa Apicomplexans or
Sporozoa form a spore-like structure
have a cell structure called the apical complex
complex life cycle 2 hosts asexual and
sexual stages alternating haploid and diploid
generations Plasmodium malaria more
than 100 million people infected one
million die each year four species
different mosquito vector
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Representative Protozoa Plasmodium life cycle
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Representative Protozoa Sporozoa or
Apicomplexans Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia,
esp. in AIDS patients
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Representative Protozoa Sporozoa or
Apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis
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Other Protists Algae - phytoplankton dinofla
gellates red-pigmented organisms in sea
water red tides toxin poisonous to
humans toxin accumulates in mussels, clams,
scallops
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Other Protists Algae phytoplankton diatoms
intricate silicon dioxide shells
toxins affecting animals in some species